House On Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros Free Essays

Sandra Cisneros Mango Street is an alone story about a denied juvenile Chicana miss, Esperanza, who experiences childhood in a hapless region where she believes she does non have a place. She does non wish what she encounters, and perpetually chases for another in the future. As Esperanza develops and changes all through the book, she understands that grown-up females in her human progress are treated underhanded, and makes a witting pick non to fall into a similar snare as the grown-up females around her. We will compose a custom paper test on House On Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now The grown-up females in Esperanza ‘s region are held guarantee inside their ain confidence of an out of line social predetermination. For outline, Minerva who is simply little spot more seasoned than Esperanza is to a great extent discovered petitioning God for better fortune and a more joyful life. While appealing to God for more joyful life she stills lets her hubby exploit her, and this sets a troubled and terrible life. Minerva realizes that her hubby is non genuinely unfortunately she despite everything excuses him. For representation, there is a twenty-four hours when Minerva had adequacy of her hubby so out the entryway he goes however consequently through the twenty-four hours he is remorseful for his activity and each piece much as Minerva is excusing, she lets her hubby back in the house tolerating his conciliatory sentiment cognizing it will go on again. She thought marriage was heading out to be a way out from undesirable life however on the other hand it has simila r highlights. Without battling for an acceptable life she settles with the manus she is managed. In this novel there is another character name Sally. She is a guiltless companion of Esperanza. Sally attempts to escape her male parent ‘s primitive whippings through marriage, however her fortunes do non adjust. Sally hubby despite everything regards her as her male parent rewarded her in days of old. For representation, he wo n’t permit her talk on the telephone, he does non permit her post the window and he does non like her companions. Sally companions can non see her except if her hubby is busy working. In the first place, Sally ‘s male parent controlled her and now it is her hubby. She imagines that she is get awaying when in world she is just giving the tie to individual else. Sally picked the most effortless way out of her life which she thought was marriage, without thought of her from this point forward. In this novel there are abuses which lead a portion of the characters into another existence of the setback and their troubled impacts, accepting that it is extremely unlikely out. Esperanza will non acknowledge and is resolved to show signs of improvement of the out of line predetermination educated on the grown-up females in her family unit, for example, her distant grandmother. Esperanza references in the novel that she does non like her name that was given after her grandmother and she would purify through water herself to obtain an alternate name that would represent an existent her and no 1 else. Fitting to Hispanic family the names are passed down the coevals without pick. Esperanza arrangements about â€Å" I have acquired her name, however I do n’t want to acquire her topographic point by the window † ( Cisneros Pg.11 ) . Esperanza does non want to populate an existence of misery. Esperanza realizes that she does non want to plug up like her distant grandmother . Esperanza grandmother had no pick yet to get hitched without her having the option to do assurance for it. She was caught by a grown-up male who â€Å" tossed a jab over her caput and carted her away † ( Cisneros Pg. 11 ) . After this occurrence her distant grandmother peered out the window her entire life like such huge numbers of grown-up females sit their misery on their cubitus. Esperanza admirations if her grandmother made the best of what she got or was she sorry in light of the fact that she could non be all the things she needed to be. She looks for a way that would remove her from the beat that has caught her distant grandmother thus numerous grown-up females around her. In â€Å" Boys A ; Girls † section it discusses how in Esperanza ‘s region male childs and misss can non associate with one another on the grounds that it is realized that male childs and misss are from various universes. For delineation, Esperanza could address her siblings at place y et outside spot they can non be seen addressing one another. In add-on, towards the terminal of the book, Esperanza feels an interest to return and help the individuals who can't go forward, on the grounds that she is sure that her fate will modify. â€Å" One twenty-four hours I will state farewell to Mango. I am exorbitantly solid for her to keep up me here everlastingly. One twenty-four hours I will go off. They will non cognize I have headed out to return. For the 1s, I abandoned. For the 1s who can non obtain out † ( Cisneros Pg. 110 ) . In choice, Esperanza encounters the enduring essences of the grown-up females around her, she is sure that going through this educational experience and securing methodology will end her life to a positive outcome. She accepts the solitary way out of her region and crooked intercession in the Hispanic people group would be by teaching and making. Esperanza does non simply take the correct method of readiness to fight for a more pleasant life yet she adjusts to her milieus and fabricates her ain confirmation so she can help the other grown-up females around her slam great. Esperanza is an extremely solid and decided grown-up female in herself and she can bring through her fantasy of a superior henceforth. Esperanza closes are non to cover and achieve the opportunity together. Esperanza needs the grown-up females in her human progress to go more grounded, autonomous and she is resolved to make so. Instructions to refer to House On Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros, Essay models

Organization Theory and Its Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Association Theory and Its Analysis - Essay Example In endeavoring to make a science investigation of associations, the significant spotlight has been set on recognizing general practices in work place circumstances and related them to all undertakings, in spite of their distinctive nature. Specifically advocates of this idea have given little consideration to contrasts among association, those that are exposed to showcase powers and those that are most certainly not. (Hussey& Hussey, 1997, pp 5-45) The association hypothesis can decide the association culture, which thusly decides the achievement or disappointment of an association to accomplish its expressed crucial goals. Culture of an association characterizes an association since it an aggregate convictions and belief system shared by the representatives working in an association. Kotter (1992, pp 86-99) additionally plainly characterizes hierarchical culture as the qualities, convictions and standards communicated in real practices and practices of the association's individuals. To Kotter (1992, pp 86-99), culture is the principle spurring power that guarantees the achievement of an association; culture likewise decides and speaks to authoritative qualities. A worldview offers a calculated structure for considering and making decision making ability about the social world. Burrell and Morgan (1979, pp 1-37), states that to be situated in a specific worldview is to see the world with a certain goal in mind. The significance of standards is that they plot the manner by which we see the world and simultaneously strengthen the perspective on everyone around us. Philosophical suppositions and standards In authoritative exploration the word worldview incorporates three levels. The philosophical, which is key convictions concerning the world wherein we live in, the social level, where core value do exist with respect to how a social analyst ought to play out their exercises and in conclusion, the specialized level. This incorporates the procedures and strategies undeniably acknowledged when completing examination. Burrell and Morgan (1979, pp 1-37), calls attention to that at philosophical level, hierarchical speculations vary in five series of expectations. These are 1. Subjectivist/objectivist measurement 2. Ontological, 3. Epistemological, 4. Axiological, 5. Methodological presumptions and furthermore suppositions comparable to human instinct These presumptions overflow through from top to bring down levels and effect the exploration procedure. Burrell and Morgan ideal models In the course of recent decades Burrell, G has made a few critical commitments concerning the improvement of a crucial association hypothesis. As relating Sociological ideal models and furthermore authoritative investigation (co-created with Morgan G in 1979) Burrell drafted a situation for radical structuralism and humanist work which has given legitimateness to perspectives incredulous of the managerialist heading of numerous association hypothesis. Anyway times change, thus do hypothetical modes change. Anarchy is Burrell's latest exertion to make an uncommon association hypothesis, in the blueprint of a retro-association hypothesis. (Burrell and Morgan, 1979, pp 1-37) When taking a gander at abstract target a measurement that is utilized to isolate radical humanism and interpretive social science and radical structuralism and Functionalist human science Burrell and Morgan (1979, pp 1-37), traces four philosophical perspectives that recognize objectivist from emotional examinations. These viewpoints are 1. Metaphysics 2. Epistemology 3. Human instinct 4. Technique Metaphysics As per Burrell and

Battle of Pydna in the Third Macedonian War

Clash of Pydna in the Third Macedonian War Clash of Pydna - Conflict Date: The Battle of Pydna is accepted to have been battled on June 22, 168 BC and was a piece of the Third Macedonian War. Armed forces Commanders: Romans Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus38,000 men Macedonians Perseus of Macedon44,000 men Clash of Pydna - Background: In 171 BC, after a few provocative follows up on the piece of King Perseus of Macedon, the Roman Republic proclaimed war. During the contentions opening days, Rome won a progression of minor triumphs as Perseus would not submit the heft of his powers in fight. Soon thereafter, he turned around this pattern and crushed the Romans at the Battle of Callicinus. After the Romans declined a harmony activity from Perseus, the war subsided into an impasse as they couldn't locate a powerful method to attack Macedon. Building up himself in a solid situation close to the River Elpeus, Perseus anticipated the Romans next move. Clash of Pydna - The Romans Move: In 168 BC, Lucius Aemilius Paullus started moving against Perseus. Perceiving the quality of the Macedonian position, he dispatched 8,350 men under Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica with requests to walk towards the coast. A bluff expected to deceive Perseus, Scipios men turned south and crossed the mountains with an end goal to assault the Macedonian back. Made aware of this by a Roman coward, Perseus sent a 12,000-man blocking power under Milo to contradict Scipio. In the fight that followed, Milo was vanquished and Perseus had to move his military north to the town of Katerini, only south of Pydna. Clash of Pydna - The Armies Form: Rejoining, the Romans sought after the adversary and discovered them on June 21 framed for the fight to come on a plain close to the town. With his men tired from the walk, Paullus declined to give fight and made camp in the close by lower regions of Mount Olocrus. The following morning Paullus conveyed his men with his two armies in the inside and other partnered infantry on the flanks. His rangers was posted on the wings at each stopping point. Perseus shaped his men along these lines with his phalanx in the middle, light infantry on the flanks, and mounted force on the wings. Perseus actually instructed the mounted force on the right. Skirmish of Pydna - Perseus Beaten: Around 3:00 PM, the Macedonians progressed. The Romans, unfit to slice through the long lances and tight development of the phalanx, were pushed back. As the fight moved into the lopsided landscape of the lower regions, the Macedonian development started to separate permitting the Roman legionaries to abuse the holes. Flooding into the Macedonian lines and battling around other people, the Romans blades demonstrated destroying against the delicately equipped phalangites. As the Macedonian development fallen, the Romans squeezed their preferred position. Paullus focus was before long fortified by troops from the Roman right which had effectively determined off the Macedonian left. Striking hard, the Romans before long put Perseus community to defeat. With his men breaking, Perseus chose to escape the field having not submitted the greater part of his rangers. He was later blamed for weakness by those Macedonians who endure the fight. On the field, his world class 3,000-in number Guard battled until the very end. By and large, the fight kept going not exactly 60 minutes. Having accomplished triumph, Roman powers sought after the withdrawing adversary until dusk. Skirmish of Pydna - Aftermath: In the same way as other fights from this period, careful losses for the Battle of Pydna are not known. Sources demonstrate that the Macedonians lost around 25,000, while Roman setbacks were over 1,000. The fight is additionally observed as a triumph of the armies strategic adaptability over the more inflexible phalanx. While the Battle of Pydna didn't end the Third Macedonian War, it viably crushed the spirit of Macedonian force. Not long after the fight, Perseus gave up to Paulus and was taken to Rome where he was marched during a triumph before being detained. Following the war, Macedon adequately stopped to exist as an autonomous country and the realm was dissolved.â It was supplanted by four republics which were successfully customer conditions of Rome.â Less than twenty years after the fact, the locale would officially turn into a territory of Rome following the Fourth Macedonian War. Chosen Sources Third Macedonian WarBattle of PydnaHistory of War: Battle of Pydna

St. Mark's Gospel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

St. Imprint's Gospel - Essay Example The Messianic insider facts and the inhumanity of his followers are the two primary topics of the gospel. The utilization of illustrations by Jesus to conceal his actual character and satisfy the distained forecasts are maybe somewhat fascinating and even his followers neglect to comprehend the genuine ramifications of his supernatural occurrences. Generally, the Christian houses of worship are of the conviction that the good news of St. Imprint is an encapsulation of Gospel of Matthew and it is along these lines put after The Gospel of Matthews in many books of scriptures. As per researchers, in opposition to the convictions of the Christian holy places, Gospel of St. Imprint, is in reality the first of the authoritative accounts and should be the wellspring of motivation and material for the accounts of Matthew and Luke. One of the principal commitments of St. Imprint's Gospel towards the Church of England is 'giving an ability to know east from west'. Prior to the gospel, various individuals were running here are there without a pioneer set up. They loved various Gods and had contrasting religions. This brought about immense contrasts in culture and individuals were consistently at loggerheads with one another. What was inadequate in England was a typical religion which could work to elevate the general public overall. Subsequently, the Gospel was for sure a fastener as far as following a typical God-Lord Jesus Christ. Another genuine commitment of this story is about food. In the story, Jesus regularly welcomes his supporters to sustain themselves and despite the fact that we overlook it a typical event, the incongruity remains that sustenance was the main methods for giving harmony and comfort to his pupils. At the point when the subject spins around food, the supporters alarm expressing that it w ould take eight months of wages to have a serene dinner. Jesus settle their concern toward the finish of the gospel, in this manner letting them know and the Church of England that a basic and secure life, which has satisfactory sustenance and rest, is maybe the best and by a wide margin the most disregarded of all. (Hooker, 2001) The lesson of the story rotates around four fundamental perspectives. The first is the issues concerning the apprenticeship, issues concerning the Church of England, issues concerning individual expectations and issues concerning our own apprehensions. Another significant message which the Gospel awards to the Church of England is the significance of being unified with one another. In the gospel, the followers are appeared as an egotistical part who won't share food with the other individual creatures that are being attracted to Jesus. All things considered, Jesus won't give food just to the followers and demands that the supporters will get sustenance just on the off chance that they persistently share the food with their fellowmen. The Church of England, which was separated and disparaged the rich while mocking poor people, took in its exercise of fairness through the Gospel Of St. Imprints. The message is clear-God is equivalent to all and he has no top picks. It is intriguing to take note of that when the followers request that Jesus send the locals away to get their own food as it is getting dim, Jesus can't and expresses that the food would be given by the supporters themselves. He underpins his hypothesis by expressing that it was he who gave them (followers) food all the time, subsequently, it was currently their (pupils) go to do likewise. The message imparts a sentiment of fairness and the way that sustenance is equivalent and required by both the rich just as the oppressed. The exercise of

Were the Puritans Puritanical (Carl Degler) Essay

Were the Puritans Puritanical (Carl Degler) - Essay Example trusted it would outrage God on the off chance that one dressed distinctively to their station throughout everyday life; it would resemble deceiving God to dress luxuriously when one was an individual from a lower class. Huge numbers of the individuals who were in the privileged of Puritans could and would sport gold, silver, and trim. While this is valid, the vast majority of different limitations on dress were to safeguard the unobtrusiveness of the wearer, despite the fact that it was not as dull, plain and preservationist as the generalization. Ladies were relied upon to cover their head and the majority of their body. As recently referenced, the Puritans set an extraordinary incentive on the unadulterated things throughout everyday life, and some portion of this conviction was a comprehension of the Bible as pretty much strict. For this situation, they accepted that man ought not have a fabulous time, pleasure or giggling in this life in the event that it prevent his capacity to encounter these things in the following, and sex was a piece of this. Sex was a piece of this, however it didn't imply that sex was prohibited in the public eye. The Puritans realized that individuals of the two sexes have sexual wants, and they additionally realized that these should have been satisfied. All the Puritans asked was that sex be attempted devoutly with acknowledgment that it is God that has offered these delights on them. Nonetheless, it is significant that they believed in engaging in sexual relations with deference and hating it to overabundance. The focal perspective on human instinct in the Puritan confidence is that it is inclined to sin and this is a certain factor of life. Everything that originates from the body is wicked or disturbing. They accepted that as a result of this propensity to sin, they should be constrained by a solid hand that helped them to diminish these wicked desires and become progressively like God and carry on with a cleaner life. The explanation that they severed from the English church is that they accepted this was degenerate, and they expected to get away from this to attempt to offset a portion of the things that human instinct incited. Throughout everyday life, the Puritans were required to keep away from transgression however much as could be expected and

Satire, Autobiography, and More Books on Writers and Writing

Satire, Autobiography, and More Books on Writers and Writing We love writers for creating immersive fictional worlds for us to indulge and revel in, but thats not only the thing they do. They bring their own history and experiences in every sentence they formulate and every plot they weave. Here are five recent books that shine a spotlight on some legendary writers. Outsiders by Lyndall Gordon This beautifully designed and fascinating book tells the story of five significant women writers. The book is divided into sections titled Prodigyâ€"Mary Shelley, Visionaryâ€"Emily Bronte, Outlawâ€"George Eliot, Oratorâ€"Olive Schreiner, and Explorerâ€"Virginia Woolf and The Outsiders Society. Gordon attempts to paint a group portrait of these women, highlighting the common denominators in their lives, specially their families and the ways in which they influenced each others work. Passionately researched and succinctly written, Outsiders features rare photographs and lesser known facts about these remarkable writers who influenced generations of women with their work. The Book of Forgotten Authors by Christopher Fowler A treat for bibliophiles, this is a guide to around 100 authors who are not as popular as they should be. Fowler provides sufficient details about each author and their work to make you want to google for more, but what stands out is his wicked humor and witty one-liners. The book takes us through a captivating journey of astonishing reversals of fortune and the stories behind some books which did not stand the test of time. Fowler writes such compelling descriptions of seemingly superb books that have  fallen through the cracks  of history that you might want to compile a list of authors mentioned, to read later. Combining short biographies with lively essays, The Book of Forgotten Authors will make for a delightful gift for a book lover. A Secret Sisterhood by Emily Midorikawa and Emma Claire Sweeney   Female friendships are trending in fiction right now, but surprisingly the bonds between literary women have remained obscure so far. In their new book, real life friends and coauthors Emily and Emma set out to explore these lesser known friendships between the worlds best-loved authors. They focus on four friendships:    Jane Austen and unpublished playwright Ann Sharp; Charlotte Bronte and pioneering feminist writer Mary Taylor; George Eliot and Harriet Beecher Stowe; and Virginia Woolf and Katherine Mansfield. From professional jealousies to grudging admiration, and scandalous revelations to heartwarming exchanges, this is an empowering portrait of literary greats. The Written World by Martin Puchner This exhaustively researched book takes us through the human history of text and literature.  Puchner explores sixteen foundational texts selected from more than four thousand years of world literature  and reveals how writing has inspired the rise and fall of empires and nations, the spark of philosophical and political ideas, and the birth of religious beliefs. An intellectual odyssey through time, this book makes sense of religion, revolutions and history through works of literature. Spellbinding and expansive, The Written World will be enjoyed by academic scholars and literature buffs. Dead Writers in Rehab by  Paul Bassett Davies What would a group therapy session with  Hunter S. Thompson, Colette, William Burroughs, Dorothy Parker and Coleridge look like? Absolutely bonkers and hysterically comical, as this work of fiction shows. This literary satire is based on an unusual premise:  When literary reprobate Foster James wakes up in a strange country house, he assumes hes been consigned to rehab (yet again) by his dwindling band of friends and growing collection of ex-wives. But he soon realises theres something a bit different about this place after he gets punched in the face by Ernest Hemingway. Dead Writers in Rehab is a hilarious riff on the eccentric personalities of much-loved literary idols. The book veers off course in the latter half when it gets too sombre for its own good, but the wild inventiveness and riotous fun of the first half of the novel is more than enough reason to read it.

Most Common Student Grammar Mistakes

Common Grammar Mistakes Common Grammar Mistakes When you write a paper, dissertation, essay or even your own book, one of the things that require great attention is grammar. It can be tricky, especially if English is not your first language. The same problem is encountered by international students who must complete a coursework or write an academic report in English. Below is a list of top mistakes that even English speaking writers can make.   Mistake   Explanation   i.e. or e.g   i.e. = "in other words"; e.g. = "for example"   affect or effect   affect is a verb; effect is a noun   into or in   into implies movement; in does not   fewer or less   fewer = countable; less = uncountable   between or among   between implies separation; among implies a group   evidences   evidence is uncountable and always without "s"   compliment or complement   compliment = praise; complement = make something complete   insure or ensure   insure = protect against some risk; ensure = make sure   then or than   then implies time; than implies comparison   loose or lose   loose = not tight; lose = fail   peak or peek   peak = top; peek = glance   breath or breathe   breath = noun; breathe = verb   lead or led   lead = present; led = past; lead = noun (metal)   during or within   during implies duration; within implies a deadline   research or researches   research is uncountable   able or capable   able implies possibility; capable implies internal ability or skills   allow or enable   allow implies permission or allocation; enable implies giving power or means to do something   advice or advise   advice is a noun; advise is a verb   criteria or criterion   criteria is plural; criterion is singular   phenomena or phenomenon   phenomena is plural; phenomenon is singular   lie or lay   to lie = to place yourself; to lay = to place something   accept or except   to accept = to receive; except = to exclude   which or that   which = non-restrictive relative clause; that = restrictive relative clause   beside or besides   beside = next to; besides = in addition to (also)   bold or bald   bold = courageous; bald = without hair   capital or capitol   Capital = city; Capitol = building   by or until   by implies a deadline; until implies a state or period (completion is not required)   accessary or accessory   Accessary = accomplice (partner); Accessory = decoration   carrier or career   carrier = someone who carries something; career is the job progress   council or counsel   counsel = advise; council = group of people   any one or anyone   any one = any of a particular group; anyone = any person at all   any or some   any = negative association; some = positive association   reduce or decrease   reduce something (object); something decreases   rise or raise   to rise = to get up; to raise something (object is required)   discreet or discrete   discreet = careful; discrete = individual (separate)   decent or descent   decent = respectable; descent = process of going down   drought or draught   drought = dryness; draught = draft   enquire or inquire   to enquire = to ask; to inquire = to make a formal investigation   expand or expend   to expand = to widen; to expend = to spend   make or do   do implies actions, obligations, repetition; make implies creation of something (focus on results)   hard or hardly   hard = difficult; hardly = unlikely   later or latter   later = sometime in the future; latter = previous (the last one of a sequence)   message or massage   message = letter (email, text); massage = physical procedure   moral or morale   moral = "lesson learned" or ethical; morale = mental state   employer or employee   employer = the one who gives a job; employee = the one who takes a job   personal or personnel   personal = individual; personnel = staff   principle or principal   principle = rule; principal = main;   proceed or precede   to proceed = to continue; to precede = to come before something   some time or sometime   some time = a certain moment; sometime = indefinite time   wander or wonder   to wander = to roam (stray); wonder = miracle or to be interested in something   cite or site   to cite = to quote; site = place   loathe or loath   to loathe = to hate; loath = unwilling   waive or wave   to waive = to surrender something to someone; to wave = to make a hand motion If you are struggling with your paper or dissertation, let us know. We will be able to help you.

Social Inequities And Its Effects On Society - 1444 Words

Social Inequities are one of the most faced problems that people are around the world experience, yet they are thrown aside when these issues have more concerns than what meets the eye. Currently in the world, there is a manifold of inequities, such as the very popular ones that continue to expand, such as racism, feminism, and bullying. Although over the years not much improvement has been made to put an end on these issues, authors have been informing teens, especially in their writing, making them aware about the current events. Throughout literature, many people’s eyes have been opened and now more people are aware of the issues and are now starting to do something about it. To conclude, social inequities are growing throughout time,†¦show more content†¦In comparison to men, women are not making nearly as much money as men. Over time not much improvement had been made in women’s income, and they still made a significant, lesser, amount of money. Aside from that, females are also segregated from males in multiple categories with downgrading outcomes for the development of their choices and capabilities. To summarize, it is clear that feminism is a noteworthy issue that hasn’t been addressed formally enough. To add on, racism is also a very common inequity. People are segregated and looked at differently for their skin color, resulting in different treatment towards individuals. This treatment, was cruel and unusual, such as slavery, and abuse towards people. Although these actions were not necessary whatsoever, the treatment continued on for years to come, worsening as time went on. After the civil rights movement, the tension decreased, however to this day, racism still occurs throughout the world. All in all, racism is a still occurring situation that may have died down slightly, but still has not come to an end. Nowadays, everything revolves around money. Money distinguishes the wealthy from the less fortunate and because of this, financial inequality is a growing concern. The Outsiders novel by S.E. Hinton shows how two different groups, the Soc’s who are extremely affluent, versus the Greasers who do not have nearly as much

Foodborne Diseases Foodborne Disease - 1746 Words

INTRODUCTION: Foodborne diseases is characterized by the World Health Organization as diseases, more either infectious or poisonous in nature, brought about by pathogens that enter the body through the ingestion of food. Foodborne diseases are a serious and worldwide issue. The WHO evaluates that overall foodborne and waterborne diarrhea ailments taken together murder around 2.2 million individuals every year. Foodborne sicknesses can start from a wide assortment of various foods and be brought about by a wide range of pathogenic organisms that have polluted them at some part of the food chain, in the middle of homestead and fork. Foods that are most much of the time connected with foodborne diseases incorporate meat, fish and poultry. The making of the food standards agency in April 2000 was the UK Government s reaction to the high public also, political prowl of food safety issues as of late. In its Key Arrangement 2001–2006, one of the Organization s needs was to lessen foodborne sickne ss by 20% by enhancing food security directly through the food chain (Food Standards Agency, 2001). The Epidemiology, Microbiology and Clinical impact of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in England, 2009-2012. Escherichia coli (E. coli) are Gram negative bacteria. They ordinarily live in the insides of individuals and animals. Generally E. coli are safe and really are imperative ordinary vegetation of a sound human intestinal tract. Nonetheless, some are pathogenic and causeShow MoreRelatedFoodborne Illness Diseases772 Words   |  3 PagesFoodborne illness diseases that spread through food or beverages are a common, distressing and sometimes a life- threatening problem for millions of people in the United States and around the world. One of the largest foodborne illness outbreaks in United States history happened in 1977. 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Though there have been many methods of controlRead MoreFoodborne Diseases : An Undeveloped World Problem Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesThe broad spectrum of foodborne infections has changed dramatically over time, as well-established pathogens have been controlled or eliminated, and new ones have emerged. The burden of foodborne diseases remains largely unknown and substantial: one in four Americans is estimated to have a significant foodborne illness each year. In 2005, it was reported that 1.8 million people died from diarrhoeal diseases (World Health Organization), largely attributed to contaminated food and drinking water. ThisRead MoreFoodborne Illness Is A Major Public Health Problem1404 Words   |  6 PagesFoodborne illness, which can also be known as foodborne disease, foodborne infection, or foodborne intoxication, is a major public health problem. All of the aforementioned refer to an illness developed after eating contaminated food (Robert Friis, 2012, p279). Almost all factors that can cause a foodborne illness are environmental. These include naturally occurring heavy metals, polluted water, and pollutants in the air (Friis, 2012, p279). The agricultural process also holds a large hand inRead MoreBIOLOGICAL HAZARDS642 Words   |  3 PagesBiological hazard are acquired from disease causing microorganism and the poisonous toxins they may produce. Biological hazard are far the most dangerous foodborne hazard in the food service and food retail businesses. These includes harmful microorganism seen only in the microscope 1. BACTERIA 2.VIRUSES 3. PARASITES 4. MOLDS 5. YEAST Other living organism are: †¢ Insects: RODENTS FARM ANIMAL DOMESTIC PETS BIRDS FISH PLANTS TRANSMIT DISEASE TO HUMAN BEING †¢ Even healthyRead MoreThe Spread Of Foodborne Illness864 Words   |  4 PagesThe unwanted spread of foodborne illnesses has become a main cause of gastrointestinal complications from consuming tainted foods. Over seventy-six million cases will occur in the United States every year according to Sagar, in Viruses in Food. The spread of foodborne illness is through the oral-fecal route and can be from viral causes like Hepatitis A, Noroviruses, and Human Caliciviruses, or has bacteria present like E. Coli or Salmonella. Thinking about consuming contaminated foods withRead MoreWhat Types Of Nutrition Changes Can I Make?835 Words   |  4 PagesPreventing Foodborne Illness Foodborne illness, also called food poisoning, is an illness caused by eating food or drinking liquid that is contaminated with harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or poisons (toxins). Bacteria and viruses cause most foodborne illnesses. Common symptoms of foodborne illness are sudden nausea, vomiting, belly pain, diarrhea, and fever. Most foodborne illnesses go away in a few days without treatment. However, if you have a severe case, treatment may be needed. You

The Start of Child Labor Laws - 687 Words

During the Early Modern Era the opinions toward children varied between different societies. In most civilizations children weren’t treated with any special treatments and were raised to be obedient workers and in turn affecting their education. In these societies children were brought depending on social status, and because of this bias many children were forced to hard labor. Though there are many regional and culture differences, at this time the world was opening up to reform and rebuilding, and due to a lack people in the workforce to handle such a task, child labor became the commonality. In most regions of the world at the time, children were trained to be productive members of society. Training usually differed between classes and gender. The rise in Neo-Confucianism, and Protestant beliefs are part of what shaped society into viewing children with this bias. These religions, amongst many others, kept a standard for people on how to live their life. This standard usual ly dealt with people being virtuous, hardworking citizens, and when someone does not concur with this, they are punished. For example, Author and songwriter Isaac Watts says in one of his songs â€Å"†¦ For Satan finds some mischief still, For idle hands to do.† [Doc. 4], and this is how Watts linked the devil to idleness and mischief. With that many of the people in these societies became hardworking, and raised their kids to this standard of obedience and productiveness. While most religionsShow MoreRelatedChild Labour And Child Labor1600 Words   |  7 PagesChild Labor Issues There are children that suffer through child labor daily. Child labor is the use of children in a business or industry, usually illegal. â€Å"3 billion people around the world survive on $2.50 a day or less. And 2 billion people do not hold a bank account or have access to essential financial services† (â€Å"Living in Poverty†1). Children that are normally in labor come from a poor family that’s in need of money so badly that it comes down to selling their own children or puttingRead MoreChild Labor819 Words   |  4 PagesChild Labor Laws Child labor laws were made in regards to child labor because minors were treated harshly during child labor. Child labor laws in America have changed throughout the years. Now if child labor laws are disregarded a parent or employer will be fined. Many parents disregarded child labor laws to support their families. Child labor laws were a turning point in history because children were working in dangerous environments, and new standards were made to prevent child labor. ChildrenRead MoreEssay about The Globalization of Child Labor1517 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization of an idea or practice can be very beneficial worldwide, but globalization can also effect countries and people negatively. Child labor was once an immense issue in the United States; however, we now have laws protecting children from dangerous working conditions. Unfortunately, children in countries like India and Africa are still falling victim to harsh working conditions. These developing nations have the same problem that the United States had years ago; children are workingRead MoreEssay on The Immorality of Child Labor1221 Words   |  5 PagesImmorality of Child Labor Child labor is a serious moral issue. There have been many controversial debates over whether it should be legal or not. Two different viewpoints on the subject exist. Many argue that child labor is morally wrong and that the children should not work, no matter how poverty stricken their family might be. Advocates and major corporations that support child labor argue that it is good because it gives poverty-stricken families a source of income. Child labor firstRead MoreChinas High Dependence On Child Labor1677 Words   |  7 PagesChild labor is a commonplace in China. Most of the children in China, families work income is dependent on their family’s survival. Child labor is a major issue throughout the global economy, especially in developing countries like China. Although, China has anti-child labor laws, many children in China are forced to work against their will. China is the home of many poor families and some of these families force their children to work because of their struggle with poverty and their lack of incomeRead MoreChild Labor Essay952 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"In 1900, 18 percent of all American workers were under the age of 16† (â€Å"Child Labor†). This was during the end of the Gilded Age, when child labor was problem and was starting to be a major one. Child labor started because of poverty when children worked to support their families but were forced to give up education. Ch ildren could work long hours in dangerous positions for little money. Child labor continues because children have little power to complain or stand up for themselves to adults, theirRead MoreSummary Of Child Labor In Upton Sinclairs The Jungle897 Words   |  4 Pagesthat exposed the bad working condition to immigrants in Chicago and the nasty meat packing factory. One of the big issue in this book is child labor. In the book, a child called Stanislovas Lukoszaite, he was working in a meat packing factory. Although in 1906 there are laws against child labor, but the law is not really enforced. He was just a 13 years old child and during Chicagos snow storm he loses the use of his three fingers, after that he started selling newspaper in Chicago. When he was 15Read MoreShould Child Labor Be More Time Towards Education?1371 Words   |  6 PagesThesis: Many people believe child labor has ceased to exist in the world people live in, but many don’t realize the clothes they wea r had been made by child laborers. Many people in government around the world have worked to abolish child labor, but little do these people actually solve the problem. People should look to understand why child labor still exist and why it exist in particular places in the world. Introduction: It is common knowledge that every person has the right to work, andRead MoreChild Labor Is A Violation Of Fundamental Human Rights1553 Words   |  7 Pages 405292 Child Labor Republic of France Position Paper Part 1 History and Background of Child Labor Child labor became most prevalent during the Industrial Revolution, which took place from 1760-1840, and has become prominent throughout our world since. Children would work around 19 hours a day, having approximately a one hour break, and work for almost no pay. In the 1900’s, statistics showed that over 200 million children were involved in the act of child labor worldwide, and 73 millionRead MoreChild Labor in Agriculture Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesThere are hundreds of thousands of child farm workers laboring under challenging and bad conditions in the United States of America. This is according to a human rights watch report dubbed, Fingers to the bone: United States Failure to Protect Child Farm Workers. This rights group made discoveries that the child laborers are often made to toil between twelve and fourteen hours a single day and stand a risk of pesticide poisoning, heat exposure effects, injuries and health complications that could

Personal Narrative What Real Friendship Is Essay

When you were still in the kindergarten, friends were the people who romped about with you, played mischievous tricks upon everyone. When you were getting bigger, perhaps at primary school, friends were the people who helped you in your homework, who sung with you at the school choir. Had you forgotten them? Had you betrayed them? Are you a good friend to your friends? A true friend would always tell you the truth, be you best partner when you need him, most of all, support you. It is not right to act suspiciously in front of your friends. Not long ago, my friends were very busy planning a birthday surprise for me. They stopped talking when I drew near and whispered when I was within earshot. They put their work hastily away when I†¦show more content†¦That means we had no chance to win it. When I phoned Aggie the news, I was crying. I knew that it was me who ruined our hopes. It was all my fault, I thought. I was afraid Aggie would be disappointed. I was afraid she would be angry and never forgive me. â€Å" Aggie, I was about to tell you a disaster.† â€Å"Yeah?† She asked. â€Å"Well, I am feeling sick. I’m afraid that I cannot attend to competition. I’m very sorry, very sorry indeed!† I sobbed. There was no sound from Aggie. â€Å" Aggie, are you here? Answer me!† I cried. Dead silence. I put down the phone and trembled. Will she ever forgive me? I put myself to the pillows on my bed desperately and wailed like a child. Suddenly, Aggie came into my room. â€Å" I’ve asked Mom to make some soup for you. Here you are. Help yourself.† Aggie said, without irritation or depression in her voice. â€Å" Calm down and drink the soup while it is hot.† I was startled. I cried even louder. I could not say that I was happy, but I was very astonished and touched. Real friendship also needs honesty. That same year, Aggie and I become roommates. We got our first apartment together and became known around town as â€Å"The Girls† because one of us was never seen without the other. During this time we seemed to get even closer. Our other roommates always remarked on our friendship and were jealous of the connection we had. When we saw how lonely others were, we were glad to have each other. We wereShow MoreRelatedEssay Comparison of the Social Network and the Catcher in the Rye1111 Words   |  5 PagesExtended Study – Comparative Texts Which techniques do J. D. Salinger and David Fincher use to explore the personal dilemmas of their protagonists, Holden Caulfield and Mark Zuckerberg, in The Catcher in the Rye and The Social Network? In David Fincher’s The Social Network and J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, a story of two young men, Holden Caulfield and Mark Zuckerberg face many difficulties and ultimately are very vulnerable souls. The dilemmas that Holden and Mark face are alienationRead MoreEssay on WRACK TECHNIQUES994 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscover the truth. Bradley makes use of historical incidents and real people. He also draws inspiration from other texts. This is called intertextuality. For example he draws on Conrad’s book Heart of Darkness to explore the darkness in man’s heart. His character Kurt parallels Conrad’s Kurtz. He also quotes from Ondaatje p.37 to develop his idea about maps â€Å"whose portraits have nothing to do with surface.† This coupled with his narrative about the explorers in the Age of Colonialism Develops theRead MoreThe Race On Reality Tv866 Words   |  4 PagesRace on Reality TV A unique feature of reality TV makes the show as a site where we can find how the tolerance is conducted in real life, in terms of race, gender, and foreignness. As an â€Å"unabashedly commercial genre united less by aesthetic rules or certainties than by the fusion of popular entertainment with a self-conscious claim to the discourse of the real’’ (Murray Ouellette, 2004, p. 2), reality TV enjoys its privilege of dealing with the controversial issue such as racism with ease, throughRead MoreTom Brennan Chapter Questions1571 Words   |  7 Pagesfamily situation is in turmoil. As the narrative progresses we see Tom find ‘himself’ back. Through teamwork and newfound friendship he rekindles his love of rugby. Also forming a close relationship with his uncle, Brennan, who ultimately steers him to a happier life. Tom seeks God; and through church meets Chrissy- who sings in the church choir. A combination of events and experiences allow him to see new light , past the pain and regret of his brother. The narrative climaxes at the very end of the book-Read MoreE.M Forster’s novel A Passage to India1026 Words   |  5 PagesLeonard Woolf considers E.M Forster’s novel A Passage to India to be a representation of ‘’the real life of politics in India, the intricacy of personal relations, the story itself, the muddle and the mystery of life’’ (Jay, 1998). Fosters novel has been the subject of literary criticism from many angles given the highly controversial subject matter which is called into question as to whether it is a genuine representation of India under colonisation written from an objective experience, and whetherRead MoreIs Social Media A Form Of Narcissism?1238 Words   |  5 Pagesand Self-Esteem on Facebook,† presents the view that social networking is a â€Å"fertile† platform for narcissist to feed their egos with shallow relationships and self-promotion. In other terms, F acebook is the new public relation firm. While regulating what is seen, and presented about themselves, the narcissist are pulling attention to where they want it, their greatness. According to Mehdizadeh, it is proposed that low self-image or â€Å"vulnerability to shame† are at the root of narcissism, and FacebookRead MoreThe High Cost Of Manliness1002 Words   |  5 Pagesmost people doubt the friendship between a man and a woman is the interference of sex, like the main character in the movie â€Å"When Harry met Sally† supposes. Media, in particular, movie also supports this belief. â€Å"In movie after movie, show after show, the narrative arc is the same. What starts as friendship ends up in bed.† Although feminism was considered a mark in changing people’s conception about cross-sex friendship, it faced the challenge due to â€Å"the notion of friendship as the root of romanticRead MoreSmoke Signals By Sherman Alexie1051 Words   |  5 Pagest mean to†. This foreshadows one of Victor s important flashbacks, where Victor finds out that his father left Idaho because he actually burned Thomas’s house down and felt so guilty about it that he had to leave. When Victor finds out about the real reason his father left he cuts off all his hair which is also foreshadowed in Victor s first flashback, when the narrator says, â€Å"After that fire, Arnold joseph mourned by cutting off his hair and he never grew it long again† which gives more meaningRead MoreSherman Alexie s A Native American859 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation. Sherman Alexie’s This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona is a story about the suffering, current social problems, and hope for a new beginning for the Native American people. Alexie, a Native American himself, skillfully narrates Victor and Thomas’s journey to recover Victor father’s ashes from Phoenix, Arizona, reflecting on the many challenges and difficulties from Native Americans inside the reservations. Alexie begins the story describing Victor’s personal and financial troubles. HeRead MoreThe Gallery Of Modern Art1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe Gallery of Modern Art (GOMA) is honoured to present an exhibition titled ‘Image and Text: A Feminist Narrative’, with which it will be opening its door to the public on the 12th September and closing on the 15th October. When image and text are integrated with one another in the creation of contemporary art, artists are able to produce powerful and extremely effective messages of their choice. However, just because the image and text are displayed together, does not mean they relate to each other

Sustainability in Entrepreneurship, Innovation Free Essays

string(62) " factors contributing to it, aside from entrepreneurial gain\." Discuss the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development. What role does sustainability play in this relationship? Refer to both theory and examples from the business world to support your discussion. In today’s economy, entrepreneurship is an important subject and entrepreneurial abilities have become a pivotal requirement both nationally and globally. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainability in Entrepreneurship, Innovation or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, enterprises that succeed mostly do so as they are capable of change for the better, through innovation. So for an enterprise to be successful innovation is required. Creativity and innovation is at the heart of the 21st century. For example in the United States alone, more than 16,000 firms operate their own research labs! These successful enterprises and their advancements in innovation as a result lead to a country’s economic development. Economic development has become a focus of attention by governments around the world. As the UK Office of Science and Technology (2007) put it, â€Å"Innovation is the motor of the modern economy.. † Thus there is no doubt that a connection between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development prevails. The three factors are complementary because innovation helps any form of entrepreneurship to prosper, thereby increasing its economic value, thus contributing to economic development. This paper will examine this relationship of entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development, and explore the extent of its connection. To begin, it will define these terms, and then connect them accordingly, using economic literature and real life examples for evidence. Secondly, the essay will look at what sustainability is, types f sustainable innovation, whether it’s a threat or opportunity for enterprises, and its effect on economic development. The term entrepreneurship can take numerous definitions. Simply put, entrepreneurship is the act of an entrepreneur, and that is someone who assumes the risk for and organizes a business project. Economist Richard Cantillon first used the term entrepreneurship in his book Essai Sur La Nature de Commerce en General (1959) where he explains that an entrepreneur is one who buys things at a lower price, and sells them at a higher price, undertaking the risk factor. More recently, Joseph Shumpeter provided a thorough description, where he divided entrepreneurship to two types: allocating and catalytic. Further, Shumpeter (1934) stressed on the importance of an entrepreneur to be innovative, â€Å"Whatever the type, everyone is an entrepreneur only when he actually carries out a new combinations and loses that character as soon as he has built up his business†. This leads into the connection of entrepreneurship with innovation. Mintzberg (1983) defined innovation as â€Å"the means to break away from established patterns. † Innovation is the creation of something new; and in the business world, it would be for moneymaking benefit. According to Shumpeter, it can be the creation of a new product, opening a new market and so on. Thus, it can be stated that innovation is required for an enterprise to succeed, so is a factor contributing to the process of entrepreneurship. Innovation can take two forms, incremental or radical. A radical innovation can be stated as a â€Å"gap-filler† as economist Harvey Leibenstein (1968) put it, which is a novel creation that fills a â€Å"gap† in the market. Radical innovation is a vital for economic development as the problem is missing markets is solved. There we see the connection of innovation with economic development. Economic development can be defined as a positive progress in an economy, usually through government expenditures to promote the wellbeing of the economy and society as a whole. It can be measured by taking into account a country’s standard of living, economic health, environmental sustainability and other factors. According to Harvey Leibenstein in his book The American Economic Review (1968 p77), there is no universally accepted theory of economic development, but there are two important elements that contribute to development, one of which is the â€Å"Interaction between the creation of economic capacity and the related creation of demand [.. The entrepreneur is probably the prime mover of the ‘capacity creation’ part of these elements of the growth process. † In addition, as said in the Hamilton Project (2012), â€Å"Innovation has transformed the American economy through the development of automobiles and highways, airplanes, telecommunications, and the internet, all of which have made it progressively easier for businesses to market their products.. † which as a result, help the business enterprises. Thus, it is undeniable that there is strong connection between entrepreneurship, innovation and conomic development, as has been stated in literature time and time again. It can also be proven with the use of real life examples, for instance in the software industry, which today is globally worth $489 billion. Microsoft, â€Å"the worldwide leader in software technology†, an innovation founded by Bill Gates, had a revenue of $28. 37 billion in the year 2002, and employed more than 50,000 employees in 78 countries as said in Andriopoulos and Dawson’s, Managing Change, Creativity Innovation Textbook (2009 p94). Microsoft’s software is an example of an incremental innovation, and a successful enterprise, which thus became a major contributor to USA’s economic development. An example of a radical innovation that majorly contributed to economic development was Henry Fords simple invention of the assembly line method of production in the 1920’s. Its application to the production of Ford cars reduced the time to produce the Model T Ford by 68%, thereby increasing efficiency, and reducing its cost by 62%, thereby increasing the demand for the car. This a result increased employment in America, increased travel around the country, helped all businesses reduce costs, and raised the standard of living of the middle-class American family who could now afford a car, which had once been a luxury. All these factors contributed to of economic development of the US economy, which was booming at the time. Therefore, it can be firmly stated that a strong connection between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development does exist, and that they are often times co-occurring. A change in one can have an effect on the other; however, they are not dependent upon on another. For example, economic develop does have other factors contributing to it, aside from entrepreneurial gain. You read "Sustainability in Entrepreneurship, Innovation" in category "Essay examples" Secondly, I believe that entrepreneurships can succeed without innovation. This is where I disagree with Schumpeter’s theory of Creative Destruction. In this, Shumpeter claims that an entrepreneur has to do something novel to be successful, however in world of business there have been instances that prove his theory wrong. For example, in the 1990s’s, a team of entrepreneurs from the US implemented a set of multi screen cinemas in Mexico City called Cinemax, which was a well-known and established business model in the US. This was very successful in Mexico City, and the chain of cinemas was sold for $300 million ten years later. This is very entrepreneurial, but not innovative. Therefore I believe that whilst innovation and entrepreneurship go hand in hand, an entrepreneur does not necessarily need to be innovative in his/her thinking to be successful. Hence, I agree with Schumpeter’s theory only to an extent, in that they are strongly related, but disagree with the fact that an entrepreneurship has to be novel in order to be successful and contribute to economic development. Almost all economies today are growing rapidly, China and India for example. Though this is a primary objective of all countries, governments and other environmentally friendly organizations are far more concerned on ensuring that this development occurs without excessive damage to the environment. The aim is to ensure human needs are met; but also conserved for the needs of the future generations, and as a result conserving the environment. This is also known as sustainable development. According to the Brundtland report (1987), sustainable development is â€Å"Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. † Sustainability can take many forms, including economic, social and environmental. This essay will look at sustainability in the economic form and understand sustainability from the business point of view. The implementation of government regulations, such as UK’s DEFRA, which look at conserving and protecting the environment, and fine or reprove businesses that do not, may initially seem as a problem for many companies. But in actuality, in can help the businesses and even be an opportunity for innovation. The need to be sustainable has created environmentally friendly inventions, an internal driver of sustainability, boosting economic growth accordingly. Sustainability in business encourages enterprises to cut down on its costs and produce more with less. Companies today reduce, reuse and recycling waste material. In addition, it gives way for invention of environmentally friendly products, such as the Panasonic’s Rhythm eShower for water conservation and Toyota’s invention of the Prius, an electric car, which would in turn reduce fuel consumption. Toyota even won the title of â€Å"Best Global Green Brands 2012† (BusinessWeek, 2012) for the second time in a row. Further, it has resulted in the invention of renewable energy methods such as solar photovoltaic cells and tidal stream generators, a new industry in the market. British company, Lunar Energy has decided to build the worlds first tidal energy farm deep sea, providing energy for 5000 homes. As a result, creating employment too. The requirement for businesses to be sustainable has created employment, promoted innovation and has even opened up a whole new industry in renewable energy, thereby contributing to economic growth. The contribution sustainable development makes to the economy is clear in the long run, as the economy is sure to sustain in the future as well. The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change (2006) explains how there is a negative impact on economic growth if governments and businesses are not environmentally friendly. Economist Nicholas Stern stated that if we don’t act in a sustainable manner, the impacts that occur would cost damage worth of 20% of a country’s GDP. Whereas in contrast, investment in greener and more sustainable development today, would only cost 1% of global GDP each year. I believe that while sustainable development may result in some businesses to lose out, overall it opens new industries, encourages innovation and also works in favor of the economy in the long run. To conclude, It can be stated that sustainability can play an important role in economic development, and can encourage enterprises to innovate environmentally friendly technology, cut costs, and thus be more successful. It also helps a country’s economy in the long run as it would not have to heavily spend on the damages caused by global warming. As said by Schumpeter, (1934 p367) â€Å"The entrepreneur is the prime mover in economic development and his function is to carry out new combinations. † This is true in the sense that through innovation, enterprises can succeed and contribute to an economy’s development. Thus, it is clear that businesses and innovation have a positive effect on economic development are strongly connected. But again, I do not believe that all enterprises must be innovative to succeed, and that for a new business to open, a current one must be eroded. Therefore in conclusion it can be stated that entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development are complementary in real life, and are at often times co-occurring, but are not dependent on one another. And encouraging businesses to be sustainable will only have a positive impact on the economy, when taking the long run impacts into account. Bibliography The American Economic Review Harvey Leibenstein. (May 1968) Page 77. Volume 78, No. 2, American Economic Association. Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses Paul Burns. (2007) 2nd Edition, Palgrave MacMillan, New York Stern Review of the Economics of Climate Change Nicholas Stern. (October, 2006) The Theory of Economic Development Joseph A. Shumpeter. (1983) Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, New Jersey Our Common Future (The Report of the Brundtland Commission) United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987) BusinessWeek Bloomberg. (July 2012) Power In and Around Organizations (The Theory of Management Policy) Henry Mintzberg. (January 1983) Published by Prentice Hall, College Division Hamilton Project Michael Greenstone, Adam Looney and Leslie B. Samuels. (May 2012) Managing Change, Creativity Innovation Constantine Andriopoulos and Patrick Dawson. (2007) Published by TJ International Ltd. Padstow, Great Britain Essai Sur La Nature de Commerce en General Richard Cantillon. (1959) Published by Frank Cass and Co. , London How to cite Sustainability in Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Essay examples

Taxation Business Acquisitions

Question: Describe about the Taxation for Business Acquisitions. Answer: Discuss whether input tax credits would be available for the following acquisitions: the purchase of books by a bookshop from a publisher In this case, the input tax credit would be available, since the owner of the bookshop has purchased the books for selling the same to the customers. Hence, input tax credit is available in this acquisition, as the selling price does not include GST. the purchase of beef by a hamburger restaurant from a butcher The input tax credits could not be applied for this purchase of beef, as per Paragraph 38-4(1) (b) of the GST supplies act. This is because the beef is extracted from the butcher for consumption of human beings. the purchase of a computer by a doctor for use in preparing his surgerys accounts This is an input tax credit, since the price at which the doctor has purchased the computer already includes GST. the purchase of pipes by a plumber for use in repairing a sewer at a clients home The purchase of pipes could not be categorised under input tax credit, although the purchase includes GST price. This is because using an equipment for the purpose of sewerage is exempted from tax. the purchase of a set of law reports by a solicitor This purchase of law reports could be classified as input tax credit, since it already includes the GST price at the time of purchase. the purchase of shares in a company listed on the ASX by an investor The purchase of shares of an ASX listed company by an investor come under input tax credit. Although, the GST price is not included in purchase, it is financial supply, which is available under input tax credit. the payment of brokerage fees to a stockbroker by a share investor The brokerage fees fall under the financial supply, which is GST free and hence, the input tax credit is applicable in this case. the purchase of a car by an employer used to provide a fringe benefit to an employee This could not be categorised under input tax credit, since an employer has purchased the car to provide fringe benefits to its employee. Fringe benefit tax could not be categorised under input tax credit as per the Australian taxation law. the purchase of a new home unit from a developer by a home owner, and The input tax credit could be applied in case of the purchase of a new home unit according to GST Act (s9-15). This section depicts that input tax credit in Australia could be applied to goods supply and transactions arising out of property or real estate. the payment of fees to an electrician by a lessor of a residential property to repair faulty wiring that a tenant has complained about. This is not an instance, in which input tax credit could be applied, since the fees are paid for repairing the residential property and not for commercial use. Even though there have been no monetary payments as consideration for repairing work, the GST shall be computed on $220. This is due to the fact that under GSTR 2001/6 non monetary considerations are treated at par with monetary consideration in terms of determining GST. Thereby, regular GST rate of 10% shall be applicable for the $220 of soft drink paid to Sam by Ted. Discuss whether any of the following items constitute income: The salary and performance bonus earned by an employee comes under income. The tip falls under the definition of income for taxation purposes. Interest arising from bank deposit is considered as income. The rent received from such a source shall be treated as income. This will not be included as a part of assessable income. Since the points have been received owing to work related travel thereby the same shall not form part of assessable income. The gift will not be considered income as the gift would have been provided even if the person was not employed by the close friend. The proceeds from sale of goodwill shall be treated as income. Such proceeds shall be taken as income. The consideration received by the employee shall be considered as tax free. The reimbursement shall not form part of income. Cash prizes received from winning or competition in a quiz show falls under income. The gambling winnings are not to be included under income. Proceeds from such sale of old furniture are not to be included as income. Such profit shall form part of income and will be subjected to capital gains This shall be included as part of assessable income owing to intention of insurance company to make profit. Such amount can be held as income owing to the fact that the mining company is abstaining from mining for a consideration. The amount received cannot be considered as income. The following holiday shall be considered as income owing to the fact that the holiday package has been received owing to business activities. The return of funds cannot be considered as income. The payment has been made as prize money and thereby falls under income. Capital Gain on Shares sold by a resident Particulars $ Sales of shares in A Co. 6000 Sales of shares in B Co. 6000 12000 Cost price of shares (5000*2) 10000 2000 Discount @ 50% 1000 A. Capital Gain from sale of shares held in A B Co 1000 Sale of shares in C Co. 4000 Cost of shares in C Co. 5000 B. Capital Loss from sale of shares 1000 Net Capital Gain (A-B) NIL Gains on sale of shares are not subject to tax for nonresident individuals unless such shares are deemed to be taxable Australian property (TAP). Unless the shareholders holds excess of 10% of all shares in the company or 50% of market value of assets related to the company can be construed to be Australian Real Property. Particulars Discounted Method Indexation Method Amount (in $) Amount (in $) Amount (in $) Amount (in $) a) Sale of Holiday Home : Consideration of Sales 800,000 800,000.0 Less : Property Cost Base 100,000 148,043.5 Legal Fees related to Sales (Exclusive of GST) 1,100 1,100.0 Commission of Real Estate Agent 9,900 9,900.0 Stamp Duty 2,000 3,033.1 Legal Fees pertaining to Purchase 1,000 1,516.6 Construction Cost of Garage 20,000 134,000 24,448.4 188,041.5 Capital Gain on Sale 666,000 611,958.5 Less : Exemption on Capital Gain @ 50% 333,000 Taxable Capital Gain (A) 333,000 611,958.5 Less : Previous Year Capital Loss 10,000 10,000.0 Net Taxable Capital Gain 323,000 601,958.5 Table: Computations of Taxable Capital G Fred (Source: As created by the author) In case the loss arose from selling of antique vase, such loss cannot be adjusted against the computed capital gain. Answer to question 10: Taxable Value of Fringe Benefit on Car= (Purchase price of car*Statutory Rate*Days of usage)/365 Employee Contribution Computation of Fringe Benefit Taxation on Car Particulars $ Purchase Cost of Car 50,000 Kilometer Travelled 16,000 Statutory Rate based upon Km travelled 20% Days of Usage by Employee 183 Contributions made by the employee 1000 FBT on the Car 4013.699 The Porsche given by his employer shall fall under Car Benefit. Further, the fringe benefit tax as regards to the Porsche shall be applicable in case the Porsche given by Terrys employer tends to be either: a sedan, or has a carrying capacity of less than 1 ton, or Can carry fewer than 9 passengers In this case Terry is provided with a free housing accommodation, it comes under housing benefit. Computation of Fringe Benefit Taxation on Loan Particulars $ A. Loan amount 1,000,000 B. Use of Funds for Income Producing Purposes Exempt (40%) 400,000 C. Amount available for FBT Purposes 600,000 D. Actual Interest Rate 1% E. Benchmark Interest Rate 5.65% F. Actual Interest Paid (C*D) 6000 G. Notional Interest Paid (C*E) 33900 Taxable Value (G-F) 27900 If the interest is payable only at the end of 3 years, which exceeds the time limit for payment every six months, a separate loan has to be arrived at which shall be interest free in respect of the unpaid interest. In case Brian is released from payment of loan a debt waiver fringe benefit shall arise. 3: When payment is received from a company other than in the form of dividend, Capital Gain event takes place when the payment is made. Tonys cost base of shares shall be reduced by $7 for each share in X Co. Therefore, when Tony sells the shares at $ 20 each, the cost base of the shares shall be reduced to $3 (10-7). Thereby, the income for capital gain purposes shall stand as follows: Particulars Number $ Number of shares 1000 Cost of Acquiring shares 10 Received from company 7 Cost base per share 3 overall cost base 3000 Received from sale of shares 20000 Income taxable under capital gain 17000 In case payment made by the company stands at $13 $ Capital Gain arising from payment made the company 3000 Sale proceeds from sales of shares 20000 Income Taxable Under Capital Gain 23000 In case of cancellation of shares there shall be no capital gain on $ 7 per shares as such cost are below $ 10 base price. However, in case of payment made at $13 per shares, total taxable income under capital gain shall stand at $3000. Under section 44 of the ITA Act, the dividends declared and subsequently provided by a company tend to be included in the assessable income of the shareholders. Further, the dividends that are to be applied in Dividend Reinvestment Plans are to be included under the assessable income. Further, Sandy because of being a resident is required to disclose such incomes under their income tax returns. Under Regulation 11(2), ABC Co is required to furnish details as regards to dividends exceeding $100 paid to a single recipient shareholder. The total dividend paid to Sandy does not exceed $100. Thereby, the details regarding name, address and amount of dividend paid by her are not to be included in disclosure statements by ABC Co. Therefore, the $100 received by Sandy as dividend and which were subsequently applied towards ABCs dividend reinvestment plan are to be treated under assessable income. References and Bibliography: Asic.gov.au. (2016). Cancellation of shares | ASIC - Australian Securities and Investments Commission. [online] Available at: https://asic.gov.au/for-business/running-a-company/shares/cancellation-of-shares/ [Accessed 20 Oct. 2016]. Ato.gov.au. (2016). Capital gains on Australian assets. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/Investing-in-Australia/Capital-gains-on-Australian-assets/ [Accessed 20 Oct. 2016]. Ato.gov.au. (2016). CGT on foreign residents, temporary residents and changing residency. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/In-detail/International-issues/CGT-on-foreign-residents,-temporary-residents-and-changing-residency/ [Accessed 20 Oct. 2016]. Ato.gov.au. (2016). Home page. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/ [Accessed 20 Oct. 2016]. Austlii.edu.au. (2016). INCOME TAX ASSESSMENT ACT 1997. [online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/itaa1997240/ [Accessed 20 Oct. 2016]. Law.ato.gov.au. (2016). CR 2013/68 - Income tax: cancellation of shares in Tower Limited (As at 4 September 2013). [online] Available at: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=CLR/CR201368/NAT/ATO/00001 [Accessed 20 Oct. 2016]. Lowtax.net. (2016). Lowtax - Global Tax Business Portal | Related Information - Individual Non-Resident Taxation in Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.lowtax.net/information/australia/australia-individual-non-resident-taxation.html [Accessed 20 Oct. 2016].

The Pregnancy Life Stage Essays - Nutrition, Biomolecules, Midwifery

The Pregnancy Life Stage Running head: PREGNANCY LIFE STAGE Pregnancy Life Stage 1 Pregnancy Life Stage SCI/160 University of Phoenix July 25, 2000 Melissa Dolewa Pregnancy Life Stage Does nutrition status affect fertility? Good overall nutrition, rather than eating any specific food, greatly improves your chances of conceiving a child. For women, nutrient deficiencies and low-calorie diets at one extreme, and obesity at the other, can disrupt ovulation. Poor nutrition can also have an impact on male fertility. In order to get pregnant, doctors recommend that both women and men eat healthy, exercise and keep a positive mental attitude to increase chances of fertilization. Eating healthy, exercise and keeping a positive mental attitude are equally important during pregnancy and after pregnancy. According to www.familyinternet.com, ?carrying a baby for nine months and then providing it with breast milk afterward is a major nutritional stress on a woman's body. Food intake increases only 15-20%, but requirements for specific nutrients such as folic acid, zinc, and certain B vitamins may increase by 30-100%.? In addition, less than optimal nutrition can result in low-birth weight babies with increased risk of heart disease and non-insulin-dependent diabetes as adults. (www.childbirth-connections.com). Both over-eating and under-eating can adversely affect the qualities and quantities of breast milk, which is explained further under Dietary Requirements During Pregnancy. During pregnancy, nutrients are passed from mother to fetus through the placenta, and after birth, through breast-milk. The main vitamins and nutrients needed by mother and fetus is explained in the chart below: Nutrient/Vitamin Amount Needed Benefit Source Protein Need for pregnant women is increased by 10 to 15 grams daily (1 glass of milk contains 8 grams of protein). Forms structural basis for all new cells and tissues for both the mother and fetus www.tdh.tx.us (Texas Department of Health) Carbohydrates 50-100 g/daily Prevents ketosis, which, during pregnancy, can cause brain damage to the fetus. www.tdh.tx.us Pregnancy Life Stage Nutrient/Vitamin Amount Needed Benefit Source Folate 400-800 micrograms daily Prevents anemia during pregnancy, may prevent miscarriage, preserves the integrity of genetic material, and lowers risk of neural tube defects like spina-bifuda www.familyinternet.com Calcium 1000-1500 mg/daily Milk production and growing bones www.familyinternet.com Iron 30 mg beginning 12th week of pregnancy Binds oxygen to hemoglobin and prevent iron-deficiency anemia ?Nutrition During Pregnancy?, National Academy of Sciences Vitamin D Adequate sun exposure, or 10 mg/daily for complete vegetarians and 5 mg/daily for woman who don't eat vitamin D-fortified foods (dairy products) Promotes fetal growth, bone formation, tooth enamel formation and the proper utilization of calcium www.familyinternet.com Vitamin B-6 2-5 mg/day during 1st higher doses may shut off milk production Manufacture of hormones, hemoglobin, neurotransmitters, many enzymes, and amino acids. www.familyinternet.com Vitamin E 200 IU Decreases risk of premature babies and low-birth weight infants and may lower the risk of miscarriage. www.familyinternet.com Vitamin A Follow the RDA of 2700 IU daily Provides baby with vitamin A reserves and sustains adequate breast-mil concentrations. www.familyinternet.com Zinc 10-30 mg daily is sufficient and considered safe; excessive intake of zinc can lower HDL-cholesterol. Reduces risk of miscarriage, labor complications, neural tube defects and low-birth babies www.familyinternet.com Food plays a major role in promoting a healthy life. However, during the pregnancy cycle, nutrition is of even greater importance because of the effects on both the mother and baby. Many people have said that a pregnant mother is eating for two, which in fact is correct. The mother needs a certain amount of protein, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins, water and fiber in the diet each day. Pregnancy Life Stage One suggested food plan, developed by FamilyWeb.com, suggests that during the first 2 to 3 months of pregnancy, a woman should try eating small amounts frequently throughout the day to keep the energy higher. If the mother only eats larger amounts of food less frequently, she may experience discomfort due to her energy levels reaching highs and lows. The food plan also recommends that the mother eat raw vegetables, fruits, juices, milk, breads and cereals in between meals as a way to keep the metabolic rate and energy steady. Each food group has recommended or suggested serving amounts for a pregnant woman. An outline of the serving amounts for each food group is as follows: The Five Food Groups Suggested Number of Servings Fruits and

Shakespeares use of minor characters in Macbeth and Othello Essay Example

Shakespeares use of minor characters in Macbeth and Othello Essay Example Shakespeares use of minor characters in Macbeth and Othello Paper Shakespeares use of minor characters in Macbeth and Othello Paper Essay Topic: Othello Shakespeare tends to use his minor characters to allow a brief interlude of comic relief in his tragedies. However, these minor characters are also pivotal characters through which Shakespeare can convey much deeper and darker meanings to the audience whilst using black humour. The minor characters of the Porter in Macbeth and the Clown in Othello are both seen as comic characters whose main purpose would initially be expected as bringing comedy to the stage, yet the scenes in which they are involved and the characters themselves are much more significant than may first appear. Shakespeare is using these minor characters to contrast the element of dark comedy with tragedy enabling the two to become indistinguishable, allowing a sense of movement between the comedy, which creates the feeling of relief, therefore heightening the dramatic tension and the tragedy. The Porter in Macbeth enters the stage immediately following the murder of King Duncan. The Porters use of prose as opposed to verse and his frequent crude jokes and poor style of language, coupled with his short appearance and lack of stage space, resulted in him generally being ignored by much earlier critics. However there is layered meanings to this scene, enabling it to be interpreted in a number of ways, for technicality purposes or to further establish the character of Macbeth, and without it, the themes of the play do not hold as much significance. Although the scene is a mere 40 lines long, it is a dividing point of Macbeth, and one of the most debatable scenes in the entire play. The Porter Scene occurs at the start of Act II, and is multi-functional serving both practical technicalities and hidden meanings in the more sinister elements of the play. Shakespeare includes these comic scenes in his plays for a variety of reasons, and they are much more purposeful than merely adding some humour and lightening the mood. The location of this scene adds to the peculiarity of it and defamiliarizes the situation to the audience making events feel out of time and in the wrong space, resulting in possibility for its many interpretations. The scene immediately follows Macbeths offstage killing of Duncan and therefore, in terms of technicalities, without this scene Macbeths dress cannot be shifted nor his hands washed (Capell, 13). This is a very practical reason for the inclusion of the Porter yet minor characters were often included to enable the major characters to fulfil something or to support the actions of the major characters. This also delays the audiences as well as the other characters discovering the murder of King Duncan and therefore enables Macbeth to change his clothes; not only hidden from the audience but also to disguise and prolong the fact that he has committed the murder. However, if these are the solo reasons for the scenes existence a character who causes delay need not to be a drunken porter, (Muir). Therefore there must be a deeper meaning for such a comical character in a drunken state, which despite performing a series of comical actions could be considered as anti-comic. The fact that Macbeths brutal slaying of Duncan immediately precedes his entrance locates the Porter as the true test of comedy that shall awaken thoughtful laughter. (Meredith, 994). Whilst providing comic relief, the scene is also as a transition period for the audience as the action moves from the intensity of the murders to the drama that follows, acting as a paradox to add to the tension not only on stage between the characters but also with the audience. The use of light humour in the porters soliloquy intensifies the suspense as opposed to merely creating humour and increases the effectiveness of the transition which would not have as much meaning if every minute of the play contained violence and intense drama. Although the Porter initially appears as a drunken fool who is nothing more than an idiot, Shakespeare is actually providing the audience with a much deeper understanding of the themes of the play through some of the Porters comments. One reading of the Porter is to take his comments literally and to read him as a porter of Hell Gate (II. i. 3), not just a porter of the gates of Inverness Castle. This then links to the meaning of Hell and whether it is the place he is referring to or Macbeths state of mind. If the purpose of the Porter is to represent the state of Macbeths mind at this vulnerable time, then the Porter can also be seen as taking on the role of Macbeths interrogator. (Chahidi) Macbeth is under a lot of pressu re from both Lady Macbeth and his own guilt and conscience after having killed King Duncan, therefore the Porters talk of hell and damnation are things that will be at the forefront of his mind. The fact that the Porter immediately converts to the role of a regular, drunken porter at Macduff and Lennoxs arrival, may be representative of the dual personality that Macbeth is going to require; the public Macbeth and the private, murderous Macbeth; who has given himself up to the devil due to the amount of evil within him. This representation of the Porter as Macbeths disorderly state of mind may be why he regards his job as a porter of hell-gate. The house has become a house of hell due to it being owned by Macbeth. The Porters drunken stupor, coupled with the fact that the conversation turns to talk of drink and sex upon the arrival of Macduff and Lennox, enables Shakespeare to contrast the Porter with the other characters, including Macbeth, and declaring him to as a character who is of a lower social class and an uneducated member of society. The intensity of Macbeths sins and crimes are also intensified by the Porter whose sins are merely innocent drinking and fornication as opposed to the cold, evil crimes within the castle. The Porters simple vices establish an ethical distance between ordinary humanity and Macbeth. (Harcourt) During his speech, the Porter mentions three professions, a farmer, a tailor, and possibly the most important, the equivocator. The choice of these professions is not a mere coincidence but a result of their importance to the dramatic situation and Macbeths character. The first, .. a farmer that hanged himself on thexpectation of plenty (II. iii. 7-8) parallels Macbeths earlier state of mind in Act 1 Scene VII. He struggles to cope with the amount of evil and the great sin he is committing because of his conscience, and as a result of which, he depends upon his drive and ambition to help him fulfil the evil deed, I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition which oerlaps and falls on thother (I. vii. 25-26). It is only his internal drives that lead Macbeth to his downfall; there are no real external necessities or factors causing Macbeth or the farmer to resort to such drastic actions. The inclusion of the tailor and his thieving may relate to the fact that Macbeth is stealing Duncans place on the throne and will be dressed in borrowed robes. (I. iii. 108) This image of clothes is used a number of times throughout the play and is also a recurring symbol in the Porters speech who refers to a French hose. (II. iii. 13) The most important of the professions mentioned by the Porter is evidently the equivocator, that could swear in both the scales against either scale, who committed treason enough for Gods sake, yet could not equivocate Heaven. II. iii. 8-9) These words are heavily laden with the element of sin and the treason of the equivocator paralleling the treason of Macbeth murdering the King. At the end of the play, Macbeth will have to pay for his crimes but unlike the equivocator who was able to equivocate Heaven, Macbeths punishment will be eternal. The Porters status as a minor character is justifiable due to his short presence in the play, yet his presence can also be seen as a continuance of the supernatural elements throughout the play. The clown disappears without a word: we might say that he vanishes, like the witches, when his many tasks are complete. (Brown) This interpretation of the Porter as a continuation or product of the witches is intensified in certain productions of the play as some directors have chosen to have the same actor play both the part of a witch as well as the Porter. Very often it is the actors own depiction of the Porter that determines his characteristics resulting in it being interpreted in many different ways. As Shakespeare does not specify how he wants the character to played it may be that this was his original intention. Paul Chahidi who played the role of the Porter as well as one of the witches believed that the Porters speech was included in order to give a voice to all of Macbeths thoughts and imaginings after the murder (Chahidi), which have ironically come about as a result of the witches prophecies, voiced by the same actor. Following an analysis of the character of the Porter and the scene in which he is located, it is evident that this minor character is very important as he is included at such a significant and pivotal point in the play. He serves a much greater purpose than merely making the audience laugh. The introduction of a character such as the porter enables Shakespeare to juxtapose moments of humour with moments of tragedy. Without these elements of humour, the language would not carry the same connotations or meaning, resulting in it being less effective. Macbeth is not the only play to have a minor character; whose presence is so brief that they do not even qualify for an individual name or title; playing such a momentous role and it is especially common in Shakespeares tragedies. These arguments of the purpose of minor characters are also supported by the role of the Clown in Othello who is equally more important and significant than first suggested. The function of the Clown in Shakespeares Othello can also be queried as although it is initially conveyed as a character who provides humour and some comic relief, the poor quality of the jokes and the fact that they result in very little humour, leaves the audience questioning Shakespeares intentions of including a character who initially appears insignificant and useless. The Clown works as a servant in Othellos household and therefore has a dual role as both entertainer and servant. He makes two appearances in the play, the first being in Act 3 Scene I and the second later in the same act, in Scene IV, as opposed to the Porter in Macbeth who only appears in the one scene. However, despite making two appearances the total amount of dialogue spoken by the Clown only equals the equivalent of approximately twelve lines. The Clowns first appearance establishes him in his servant role, defamiliarizing the audiences image and purpose of a clown. However, the way in which these servants duties are performed and his choice of language carrying comic connotations, helps to re-establish him as a clown and therefore a comical character in the play. The Clowns speech is not as straight forward as first appears as Shakespeare has employed the use of puns with almost every statement he makes. The Clowns opening line and introduction to the audience is whilst making a derogatory comment about the musician performance, Why masters have your instruments been in / Naples that they speak I th nose thus? (III. i. 4) This line is suggestive of the comical scene that lies ahead, which is enforced by the imminent need of some humour and comic relief at such an intense point of the play, following Cassio and Roderigos fight. Granville-Barker justified the inclusion of the Clown at this point as being : For relaxation before the tense main business of the tragedy begins we next have Cassio in the early morning bringing musicians to play beneath Othellos window (a pleasant custom, and here what delicate amends! ), to this being added the grosser, conventional japes of the Clown. Granville-Barker). Othellos distaste for the music and the fact that the Clowns entrance evolves around music, relates to Shakespeares conceptions of peace ad agreement in terms of music played or sung in tune, and of disagreement and conflict in terms of music out of tune. (Prager) Othello does not want to be soothed by the tune and therefore does not want any music, showing that he is evidently in a state of disarray. The Clown refers to the music as nasal, reminding the audience of the intensity of the conflict between the characters. The Clown is immediately established as being different to Shakespeares other comical characters. His dialogue is generally directed at other characters on stage without the need for him to soliloquize his speeches, and the puns and innuendos he makes are also aimed at the other characters who in turn respond to the Clown. The response of these on stage characters also helps the audience to further develop their understanding of them, and therefore the role of the clown may not solely be for comical purposes and to provide a sense of relief to the play, but also to further establish the main characters. This is established from the moment the Clown appears and he is left alone with Cassio who asks if Dost thou hear me, mine hones friend? (III. i. 21) and the Clown responds with, No, I hear not your honest friend. I hear you. (III. i. 22) This manipulation of honesty is a central theme in Othello and conveys the use of the Clown as a tool for establishing the other characters to the audience and intensifying the element of irony in the play. If Othello trusted his honest friends as opposed to the dishonest Iago the play would not have such a tragic outcome and the events that unfold would be quite different. Cassios response to the Clown further establishes Cassio himself as someone who does not like humour and is in fact a very serious person, contrasting entirely with the Clown. This serious aspect to Cassios character and his inability to partake in humour may contribute to his actions in later scenes. The Clowns later appearance in Act 3 Scene iv and his exchange with Desdemona, also contains dialogue laden with these puns, which relates to the earlier events, proceeding the speech and continues to emphasise the themes of honesty and lies. Despite the element of humour in this scene; reminding the audience that the main purpose of the Clown is to provide a moment of relief amidst all the tension; the Clowns choice of language and jokes also develops Desdemona as a sentimental, emotional character who is portrayed as nai ve and someone who readily believes what she is told and readily believes those she thinks she can trust. This results in Iago being able to manipulate her so easily. When asked of Cassios location, the Clown states that he dare not say he lies anywhere, (III. iv. and Desdemona takes his statement literally, replying, Why man? (III. iv. 3), again showing her naivety. Although the lying that the Clown is referring to is where Cassio is located, the context in which it is spoken and the earlier representation of the Clown, suggests to have a double meaning relating to telling a lie. The irony of this speech and fact that it is stated in the same sentence as stabbing Cassio, He is a soldier and for one to say a soldier lies, is stabbing. (III. iv. 7) is heightened by the later events in the play when Iago actually stabs Roderigo, a soldier, in Act 5. The way in which the Clown plays with the truth results in it being more believable and effective, enables the audience to understand Shakespeares intentions for what lies ahead and the subtle hints he provides about the events still to come. It is this black humour, which comes about as a result of Shakespeares education in Greek classics and literature that enables the incorporation of comedy or humour into the tragedies, Shakespeare loved Latin and Greek literature. What he had been taught at school he remembered, he improved his knowledge afterwards by reading translations. (Highet) This helps to maintain the attention of the audience and heightens the intensity of the dramatic moments. The use of these two minor characters is to provide elements of humour yet it also evident that the techniques employed by Shakespeare enable them to have a dual purpose. As is the fool in King Lear, who plays a larger role than the Clown and the Porter whilst still maintaining the position of minor character, the voices of these characters speak directly to the audience connecting the events of the play and reminding the audience of any subtle suggestions they may have missed or not understood. Whilst some critics view the insertion of these minor characters and comical elements as interrupting the actions, it can be argued that they in fact add to the tragedy and sinister moments. They are not there purely for comical reasons but to serve a purpose in terms of structure and theatrical necessity (Playnotes). It is through these minor characters that the brief moments of comic relief are seen. No matter how small or what the underlying meanings may be at these points of the plays they still provide a sense of humour and relieve the intensity of the drama.