The Death Of Carthage Hospital - 1732 Words

As I peered into the gallows of hell I realized that everything I’d known to this day would soon vanquish to dust before me. The lies built up into a monstrous wall would become easy to see through. I would know the truth of the changes made before my eyes and the changes made in me. 1. As I arrived at the hospital everything seemed normal, but for some unapparent reason I felt different. Today was the start of my new career in Wyoming, a career that would foreshadow the reputation of my past. I’m here to escape the horrors of Carthage hospital, to start over. I made my way through the crowd of rushing nurses, doctors assisting patients, and EMTs bringing more people finally making my way to the main hallway of the hospital.†¦show more content†¦Tindol s face, I could not tell if my answer was satisfactory or if I had just boasted on to a completely insufficient answer. Then he turned around and opened a mahogany cabinet, when he faced me he was holding a white lab coat. â€Å"Your answer to my question was remarkably exquisite, it showed me you re passionate about what you do.† He handed me the lab coat, â€Å"So, I would like to be the first to welcome you to Amelia South Hospital’s surgical team. I paged one of the best residents we have to show you around, he’s a pediatric surgeon.† Just then a charmingly pale man walked in, his hair blonde with wavy locks flowing in one fluent motion framing his gorgeous bone structure. â€Å"Just on time, his is Dr. Camden,† Dr. Tindol said interrupting my haze, â€Å" He’ll be showing you around today.† â€Å"Hello, it’s nice to meet you.† The pale man, Dr. Camden spoke as he stepped forward and reached out his hand. I graciously returned the offer and shook his hand. That was when I saw his eyes, his beautifully pale blue eyes the mixture of the clouds in the sky and the heavens above. â€Å"Dr. Evans, we should probably get going, a lot to see and less time to do so.† My haze interrupted once again. â€Å"Yes, of course Dr. Camden.† I nodded then motioned to the door, â€Å"After you.† Once we’d left theShow MoreRelatedThe General William Yarnel Slack835 Words   |  4 Pageslaw in the office of J. B Gordon at Columbia, Missouri, where he was admitted to the bar in 1837. At the age of 22 he passed his bar and established a private practice in Chillicothe, Livingston County, which continued to be he residence until his death. He was among the leading citizens and played an active part in establishing the present University of Columbia. (W. V. N. 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Lab 2 Microscopy and the Metric System Free Essays

Microscopy and the Metric System Margaret E. Vorndam, M. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab 2: Microscopy and the Metric System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Version 42-0090-00-01 Lab Report Assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Exercise 1: Measuring Length, Weight, Volume, and Temperature Try the following conversions for practice. 40,000 ng =0. 24mg =0. 00024g50 cm =500 mm =0. 5m Procedure 1. Length: A metric ruler is useful for measuring items of length. The ruler below measures in mm, indicated by the small mm near 0. a. How many mm are there in 1 cm? 10, in a meter (m)? 1000 (Ruler is not to scale. See ruler in dissection kit. ) b. Locate a measurable object to use for this exercise. If the object is long, obtain a yardstick that includes a cm scale; they can be found in local hardware stores. c. Record the length of the object below and do the conversions: Name of object: ID card . 5 cm=85mm=0. 085m Volume: Always pour an approximate volume of liquid into a clean beaker and then from the beaker into the volumetric flask or graduated cylinder. This will minimize contamination of the parent liquid source. Dispose properly of any leftover liquid. Do NOT pour it back into the original container. Why? This is so the original liquid does not get contaminated. When using a pipet or dropper to measure liquid, pour an aliquot into a clean beaker and then draw up the liquid from the beaker into the pipet. NEVER try to draw up chemicals by mouth. Why? Chemicals could go into your mouth, which is potentially dangerous and should never be done no matter if they deemed â€Å"safe† or not. Weight: Use the pen scale from the lab kit to measure out exactly three grams of sugar. Make sure to tare the bag before adding the sugar. Why must the bag be tared before adding the sugar? This is done so the weight of the bag is not counted with the weight of the sugar. You must think about the weight of the bag when weighing out the three grams of sugar. How is the weight of the bag accounted for when the sugar is weighed? The bag is weighed first and then the 3 g of sugar is added on top of that weight so at the end the weight is more than 3g total due to the bag. Temperature: Practice converting the following with this conversion formula: 45 °F = 7. 2  °C 62 °F =16. 7  °C 98. 6 °F =37 °C Use a Celsius thermometer to measure the  °C temperature of several different aliquots of cold and warm tap water. Make sure to allow the thermometer to remain until the temperature is stable and no longer changes. Record the temperatures: Cold-15 °C Warm – 29 °C Hot- 48 °C Questions A. What laboratory equipment would be used to measure the following items? g flour| Beaker and scale| 36 mL water| Graduated cylinder| The length of a frog’s leg| ruler| 36 g water| Beaker/balance| 38? C| thermometer| Volume of a turtle*| Water displacement| 125? F| thermometer| Volume of blood| Graduated cylinder| Weight of a plant| Bag and scale| Weight of blood| Beaker and scale| Temperature of a fish ’s body| thermometer| Temperature of blood| thermometer| *This answer may require some creativity. How could it be done? B. Provide the calculation steps, including the conversion factor that would be needed to convert the following measurements, and the final answers. Use U. S. and liquid units where appropriate. 248 g| = 248,000 mg| 145,000 ? L| = 145mL| 536 mL| = 536 cc| 0. 372 kg| = 372 g| 0. 75 L| = 750,000 ? L| 20. 39 cm| = . 2039 m| 145,000? L*(10^-6L /1? L)*(1000mL/1L)=145mL .372kg*(1000g/1kg)=372g 20. 39cm*(1m/100cm)=. 2039m 145,000? L*(10^-6L /1? L)*(1000mL/1L)=145mL .372kg*(1000g/1kg)=372g 20. 39cm*(1m/100cm)=. 2039m 248g*(1000mg/1g)=248,000mg 536mL*(1cc/1mL)=536cc 0. 75L*(1? L/10^-6L)=750000 ? L 248g*(1000mg/1g)=248,000mg 536mL*(1cc/1mL)=536cc 0. 75L*(1? L/10^-6L)=750000 ? L C. Provide the calculation steps, including the conversion factor that would be needed to convert the following measurements, and the final answers. Use US and liquid units where appropriate. 3 cups= . 711 L7,893 mg = . 0174 lb 2. 25 oz= 66. 53 cc36? C= 96. 8 ? F 7893mg*(1lb/453592mg)=0. 0174lb 36? C*(9/5)+32=96. 8? F (96? F-32)*(5/9)=35. 56? C 7893mg*(1lb/453592mg)=0. 0174lb 36? C*(9/5)+32=96. 8? F (96? F-32)*(5/9)=35. 56? C 3 cups*(. 237L/1cup)=. 711L 2. 25oz*(29. 57cc/1oz)=66. 53cc 145,000uL*(1tsp/4928. 92uL)= 29. 42tsp 3 cups*(. 237L/1cup)=. 711L 2. 25oz*(29. 57cc/1oz)=66. 53cc 145,000uL*(1tsp/4928. 92uL)= 29. 42tsp 45,000 uL = 29. 42 tsp96? F= 35. 56 ? C D. What advantages does the metric system have over the English method of measurement? What are the disadvantages? The metric system is advantageous because it has a base of ten, making measurements easier to take, read, understand, and convert. The prefixes are also standard so they transfer between all measurements. Also, more co untries use the metric system whereas basically only the US uses the English method. The main disadvantage of the metric system is that Americans have not grown up with these measurements so they are harder to picture and understand what distance, weight, etc. ach measurement is. For example, it is much easier for most Americans to understand the distance of a mile than to try and picture how long a kilometer is. E. Outline the steps necessary to accurately weigh 3. 5 g of starch. This depends on the scale used, but with the pen scale included in the labpaq, tare a bag or other container that can be used. Then add in the starch until the weight on the scale reads the weight of the container plus 3. 5 g. F. Outline the steps necessary to accurately pipet 5 mL of distilled water. Pour an aliquot of distilled water into a clean beaker. Put a little more than 5mL of distilled water in a beaker. Pipet 5mL from the beaker, and check to see if the bottom of the meniscus lines up with the 5mL line. Exercise 2: Microscopy The compound light microscope effectively magnifies in the range of 40x to 2000x. If an object under view is 10 nm in length without any magnification, what will be its viewing size at 40x? 400nm at 2000x? 20 ? m What is the equivalent size at these magnifications, in inches? Show your calculations. 400nm*(1cm/10^7nm)*(1in/2. 54cm)= 1. 57*10^-5 in. 20? m*(1cm/10^4? m)*(1in/2. 54cm)= 7. 87*10^-4 in. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) employs electron bombardment to image very small specimens. Electron microscopes are used to image specimens that range from 1 nm to 100  µm in size. What is the equivalent in inches? . Show your calculations. 1nm*(1cm/10^7nm)*(1in/2. 54cm)= 3. 94*10^-8 in. 100 ? m*(1cm/10^4? m)*(1in/2. 54cm)= 0. 0039 in. Procedure 1. Parts of the Compound Light Microscope: Refer to a microscope as this section is read. Label the microscope diagram that follows as the examination of the microscope proceeds. a. Eyepiece (Ocular Lens): The magnification power is stamped on the outside of the lens. What is the power of the ocular lens? Microscopes may have interchangeable ocular lenses of different magnification. 15x b. Body Tube: Holds the ocular and objective lenses at the correct focal distance. c. Arm: Used to transport microscope and hold the body tube. d. Nosepiece: The revolving device that holds the objective lenses. May also be referred to as the turret. e. Objective Lenses: Consists of one or more lenses: i. The scanning power objective lens is the shortest of the lenses. What is its power? 4x ii. The low-power objective is slightly longer than the scanning objective. What is its power? 10x iii. The high-power objective is longer than the low-power objective. What is its power? 40x Label this microscope diagram with the appropriate part names and their functions: Eye piece- lens that you look through Body tube- Piece that leaves distance between lenses Course adjustment knob- adjusts focus Nosepiece- turns the lenses Objective lenses- magnify objects Stage- holds slides Mirror- reflects light so you can see what’s on the slides Base- bottom of microscope allowing stability Arm- Supports the tube and connects everything Eye piece- lens that you look through Body tube- Piece that leaves distance between lenses Course adjustment knob- adjusts focus Nosepiece- turns the lenses Objective lenses- magnify objects Stage- holds slides Mirror- reflects light so you can see what’s on the slides Base- bottom of microscope allowing stability Arm- Supports the tube and connects everything a b c d e f g h i Parts not included in microscope are: Light source Source: Sharma, Abhishake. Labeled Microscope Drawing. N. d. Buzzle. com. 2. Focusing the Microscope: If the microscope includes an oil immersion lens, place a drop of immersion oil on the slide cover slip before rotating the lens into place. The function of the oil is to minimize light diffraction through the slide and subject so that greater detail can be seen. After using the oil immersion lens, clean excess oil off of the lens and the slide with a lens cloth. Never tilt a microscope when using oil or if viewing a wet slide. Why? The liquid could come off of the slide and get into a place in the microscope that isn’t good for it, and it will be messy also. 3. Operating the Microscope: a. Obtain a clean slide and cover slip from the slide box. Place the slide and cover slip separately on a paper towel or other soft surface to reduce the possibility of scratching them. . With scissors, cut a letter â€Å"e† from an old magazine or newspaper. c. Place the letter in the center of the slide. d. Follow the instructions in Section 6 below to make a wet mount of the letter. e. Following the directions outlined above under Handling and Focusing the Microscope, place the prepared slide on the microscope stage. Leav e the scanning lens in place and focus so that the letter is clearly viewable. Make drawings of the letter in the boxes below as instructed. Side of the slide furthest away from student| Look from the side of the microscope, viewand then draw the letter here, as it appears onthe slide on the stage. | e e Draw the letter here as it appears when viewing it through the microscope. | Side of the slide closest to student| f. What is observed? Microscopes invert the image on the slide. This means that the subject will appear to be 180 ° rotated and reversed from the actual image viewed on the slide. g. While viewing the letter through the lenses, move the slide slightly. What do you observe about the movement of the letter and slide when viewed through the lenses? When I move the slide up, what I’m viewing moves down. When I move the slide to the left, the image moves right. . Use the directions above to view the letter at the higher objective powers. On the drawing made above, c ircle the portion of the letter that is viewable as successively higher power observations are made. What is your conclusion about what happens when higher power objectives are used? Only a piece of the top part is viewable. Higher power objectives magnify the image more. 4. Total Magnification Calculation: Typically, the ocular lens of a microscope will be 10x, but it may be higher or lower. The power is recorded on the side of the lens. a. What is the ocular lens power of the microscope that you are using? It may be 10x or 15x. Record it in Table 1. b. The objective lenses also have the magnification power recorded on their sides. What powers do the objective lenses on the microscope have? Record them in Table 1. c. Now, calculate the total magnification of the viewing area by multiplying the power of the ocular lens with that of the objective lens in use. For instance, if a microscope has a 10x magnification ocular lens and a 4x objective lens in place for viewing, the total magnification will be 40x (10x multiplied by 4x). What other view magnifications are possible with the microscope? Calculate the total magnification for each set of lenses in Table 1. Table 1: Calculating Magnification Ocular Lens Magnification x| Objective LensesMagnification =| Total Magnification| 15x| 4x| 60x| | 10x| 150x| | 40x| 600x| 5. Diameter of Field: a. With the low-power objective in viewing position, place a short transparent metric ruler on the stage. b. While viewing the ruler through the lenses, measure the low-power diameter of field of view in mm. Convert this measurement to ? m and record in Table 2. c. Switch to the other higher power objectives, noting the diameter, in mm, for each in Table 2. Convert measurements to ? m. How might this information be useful when viewing microscopic subjects? Micrometers are smaller, so it is useful for very small objects when mm would be a very small number that wouldn’t be very understandable. Table 2: Diameter of a Viewing Field | Magnification(ocular x objective lens’powers)| mm diameterof field of view| ? m diameter *of field of view| Scanning Lens| 60x| 2mm| 2000 ? m| Low Power Lens| 150x| 1mm| 1000 ? m| High Power Lens| 600x| Can’t tell, How to cite Lab 2: Microscopy and the Metric System, Essay examples

Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of ICT Systems

Question: Discuss about the Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of ICT Systems in Woolworths Organization. Answer: Introduction The development and implementation of technology had been helpful for modifying the information system. The main goal of implementing the ICT or information system communication technologies for the various business organizations had been for recovering the absurd requirements of global extension (Keller and Heiko 2014). The development of the organization had been largely influenced by the deployment of the technologies and tools used. The organization had been facing some major issues in the development of the system integration in the organization. The various operations of the organization had been managed by the use of the technological development and effective tools. The development of the organization had depended upon the influence of the ICT technologies and the techniques used for modifying the operations of the organization (Gustafson et al. 2015). It is important for the manipulation of the existing operations and development of the organization. The following assignment is a report that would provide the benefit of evaluating the ICT development and implementation in the organization. The role of the strategic management had been helpful for modifying the tools and provides the infrastructure for the modification of the organizations operations. The report would consider the organization of Woolworths and its development. The Work Centred Analysis, Balanced Scorecard, Porters Five Forces, and SWOT analysis of the Woolworths had been done for considering the evaluation of the strategic management of the organization. The development of the organization and its specific functionalities had been largely influenced by the role of the compatibility of operations. The report would highlight the role played by the themes of the informatics in achieving the objectives of the project. Background of the Organization Woolworths is a major retail company in Australia that provides the benefit of the overall sales of day to day household goods and commodities (Woolworthsgroup.com.au. 2017). The operations of the organization had been largely dependent on the online activities and web services along with traditional brick and mortar operations. The role of the organization had been largely dependent on the influence of the technology and techniques. It is important for modifying the development of the functions and forming insolvency of the operations. The organization had started their operations with sales through their general stores and outlets. The people had to go to their shops and stores for buying any commodity for their household purpose. The development of the operations had been largely induced by the formation of the operations and development of the functionality (Keller and Heiko 2014). The operations of the organization had resulted in the development of the functions of Woolworths. It is improbable for the operations of the organization for providing the support to the development of functions. The modification of the operations in Woolworths had been largely influenced by the definite deployment of the operations in the organization. Woolworths provides its customers with the benefit of various services such as commodities of daily use, food materials, bakery products, dairy products, and confectionary options. The development of the technology had caused the modification of products and services for the operations of the organization (Gustafson et al. 2015). The influence of the operations had caused the development of functions within the organization. Using Classic Themes of Informatics for Achieving the Objectives Woolworths is a global supermarket chain that had been established from Australian country and later on with the help of technology spread throughout the globe (Woolworthsgroup.com.au. 2017). The objectives of Woolworths include the development of faster and more effective operations, global market capture, and indulging more customers in the organization. The services of Woolworths are based on the development of the technology and use of classic themes for the informatics of the language communication, foundation and implementation, recovering and deployment, and technological construction with systematically development of organization (Law, Buhalis and Cobanoglu 2014). The following section would provide some useful functions developed with the help of these classic themes and theories. The classical theme of the language communication is based on the development of the communication system in the organization and development of the functions. It is important for the development of the proper plan and technological development (Hashim 2015). The language based communication is necessary for the completion of the operations of the organization. The communication provides the development of the functions for the implementation. The theme language would be required for the development of the electronic communication in the organization. The electronic communication methods had included in the development of the operations for the organization. Some of them are telephonic conversation, emails, messages, and social media chats (Ayvaz et al. 2017). The technological development had provided the ease of communication in the organization and development of the more improved functions in the organization. It is important for the compliance of the communication method in the operations of the organization. The telephonic conversation provides a faster communication method when it is required for the development of the operations (Law, Buhalis and Cobanoglu 2014). The role of communication had been sufficiently helpful in modifying the development of the smart technological operations and convey of plan in the organization. The foundation and implementation theme is helpful for the initiation of any operation in the operations of the organization (Serin 2015). The development of the functions had caused the influence of the modification in the organization. The foundation of the operations and development methods had been crucially influenced by the role of the key stakeholders. The operations of Woolworths are largely influenced by the foundation of new technologies and implementing the technology by a plan. The technological development had been crucial for the modification of the operations in the organization. The foundation of new and improved technologies and implementing them for the services of Woolworths has been helpful for growth of the organization. The role played by the classic theme of foundation and implementation had resulted in deploying the successive benefit of the organization (Button, Harrington and Belan 2014). It is important for the modification of the ongoing tools and processe s for the development of the organization. The recovering and deployment theme had been largely influenced by the requirement of the modification in the organization (Serin 2015). The operations of the organization had modified the development of the operations and formation of the functions for more effective and smart benefit in the organization. The increase in the functions of the organization had deployed the need for the implementation of recovering and deployment. The recovering in an organization is helpful for deploying any change within the organization. There is possibility that while deploying an information system in Woolworths, the data might get erased or lost. The recovery option would allow them for recovering the data lost. The deployment is helpful for forming a proper plan for installing any changes required in the organization (Munoz-Miralles et al. 2016). It is important for modifying the ongoing facilities of the organization and development of the more crucial important in the organization. The classic theme of technological construction is based on the development of the functions and influence of the organization (Opara and Onyije 2014). The technological construction had largely influenced the development of the functions in the organization. It is important for the development of the proper plan and technological development. The technology would be required for the development of the electronic operations in the organization. The technological development had provided the ease of development for the functions in the organization. The development of the functions had caused the influence of the modification in the organization. The operations of Woolworths are largely influenced by the foundation of new technologies and implementing the technology. The technological development had been crucial for the modification of the operations in the organization (Button, Harrington and Belan 2014). For example- the use of web services had been a result of the development of t echnology in Woolworths The theme of systematically development is influenced by the development technologies in Woolworths (Munoz-Miralles et al. 2016). The foundation of the operations and development methods had been crucially influenced by the development methods used. The operations of Woolworths are largely influenced by the foundation of new technologies and implementing the technology. It is important for the modification of the ongoing tools and processes for the development of the organization. The operations of the organization had modified the development of the operations and formation of the functions for more effective and smart benefit in the organization (Opara and Onyije 2014). The increase in the functions of the organization had deployed the need for the implementation of recovering and deployment. Assessment of efficiency and effectiveness of Woolworths The development of technology had seen the role played by the more influenced operations and the functions. Woolworths had gradually developed from traditional methods of operations to the web services (Tong, Tak and Wong 2015). The operations of the organization had been largely dependent on the online activities and web services along with traditional brick and mortar operations. The role of the organization had been largely dependent on the influence of the technology and techniques. The development of the operations had been largely induced by the formation of the operations and development of the functionality. The operations of the organization had resulted in the development of the functions of Woolworths (Arli et al. 2013). The modification of the operations in Woolworths had been largely influenced by the definite deployment of the operations in the organization. The assessment of the ongoing technologies and functions had been influenced by the use of strategic management t ools and functions. The strategic management tools and functions had been largely helpful for the development of some evaluation on the technology and tools used in Woolworths (Kurtz 2015). The four tools used for the analysis are Work Centred Analysis, SWOT analysis, Porters Five Forces analysis, and the Balanced Scorecard. The Work centred analysis is helpful for evaluating the missing and existent technology in Woolworths. The SWOT analysis would provide an analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats for the Woolworths. The Porters five forces model is the study of the five forces model for the operations of the Woolworths. The balanced scorecard would provide the evaluation of the ease of implementing ICT technologies in the organization system. These four tools would provide the ease of evaluation of the ICT technologies for Woolworths. Work Centred Analysis of Woolworths Work Centred Analysis would be helpful for evaluating the development of the technology and implementation of the improved technologies (Tong, Tak and Wong 2015). The work centred analysis would be helpful for providing the development of the operations in the organization. The work centred analysis is based on the human resources for the modification of the organization in information system development. The social work system provides influence to the development operations and functional improvement. The Woolworths utilizes the raw materials, capabilities, technology, and information system for forming the best possible services to the organization and development of the operations (Marshall 2013). The role of the work centred analysis is for forming a bridge for evaluation of the services provided by developed tools and system (Kurtz 2015). The development of the organization had been studied and provided for the development of the operations. Woolworths is helpful for forming an inclusive and smart technological development of operations in the organization (Taylor 2015). The retail operations of the organization had deployed for the modification of the customer friendly approaches in the organization. The work centric development had been critically evaluated for the modification of the customer friendly approaches in the organization. Woolworths have been using management information system for the development of technology and modification of the system developed tools and techniques. The information system developed would be helpful for forming an effective and smart development option for the organization to be more effective and viable for modification (Riggins and Weber 2016). The Business intelligence system and the ERP system is also utilized by Woolworths for forming an effective and smart technological dependent operations and services to its users. SWOT analysis for Woolworths The SWOT analysis is a measure of the positive and negative aspects of the organization (Bull et al. 2016). It is divided into four parts and they are Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. The strengths section evaluates the points of crucial success factors or the possible benefits of the organization with the operations of the organization. The weaknesses section evaluates the points of downfall for the organization that can result in negating the operations of the organization. The opportunities points out the various factors that can accelerate the development of the organization and provide benefit to it. The threats point out the various factors that might result in hindering the process of development and improvement of the organization (Chen, Kim and Yamaguchi 2014). The SWOT analysis of Woolworths would provide an analysis of all these factors for the technological development of the operations and improvement of the organization. The use of various technological developments had provided the points of success and development in the organization. It is important for the improvement of the inbuilt functions in the organization (Taylor 2015). The modification of the inbuilt functions had deployed for the role of the improvement of the functions in the organization. The Woolworths had been getting benefit of the technological improvement of the operations. The complexities of the implementation tools and system development had been the weak points in the implementation of the operations. The role played by the development of the operations had resulted in modifying the system functions for the services of the organization. The cost and time required had proved to be threat for the implementation of the ICT services in the Woolworths (Riggins and Weber 2016). The development of the functions and faster operations of the organization would serve the purpose of the opportunities in the organization. The systematic d evelopment of the functions had been helpful for forming the absolute development of the organization. Porters five forces model for Woolworths The porters five forces model is the analysis of the some factors within an organization and it operations (Gale et al. 2013). The Porters five forces model consists of five functions such as bargaining power of buyer, bargaining power of suppliers, threat of new entrant, threat of substitute, and degree of rivalry. The bargaining power of buyer is the study of the impact or influence of the buyer on the operations of the organization and is classified in terms of high, medium high, medium, medium low, and low. The bargaining power of suppliers is the study of the impact or influence of the suppliers on the operations of the organization and is classified in terms of high, medium high, medium, medium low, and low. The threat of new entrant is a measure of the threat that is faced by the organization when a new provider of same services and products in introduces and is classified in terms of high, medium high, medium, medium low, and low (Wildevuur and Simonse 2015). The threat of su bstitute is a measure of the threat that is faced by the organization when a new substitute product or service is introduced and it is classified in terms of high, medium high, medium, medium low, and low. The degree of rivalry is a measure of the intensity of the rivalry faced between any rival company and the organization. Woolworths is a major company that provides the influence of the development of the operations of the organization and influence of the functions (Wildevuur and Simonse 2015). The porters five forces analysis for Woolworths have been helpful for forming the effective and smart analysis of the factors like bargaining power of buyer, bargaining power of suppliers, threat of new entrant, threat of substitute, and degree of rivalry. The bargaining power of buyer is the study of the impact or influence of the buyer on the operations of the organization and for Woolworths it is high as the organization is customer dependent (Jones et al. 2014). The bargaining power of suppliers is the study of the impact or influence of the suppliers on the operations of the organization and for Woolworths it is low as the organization has its own source of farm, bakery and poultry products. The threat of new entrant is a measure of the threat that is faced by the organization when a new provider of same s ervices and products is introduced and for Woolworths it is medium as there are some organizations that are trying to capture the Woolworth market. The threat of substitute is a measure of the threat that is faced by the organization when a new substitute product or service is introduced and for Woolworths it is low as the organization had been supplying day to day needed commodities and supply (Thistlethwaite et al. 2014). The degree of rivalry is a measure of the intensity of the rivalry faced and for Woolworths it is high as the organization had major rivalry with the local market vendors and supplier. Balanced Scorecard for Woolworths The balanced Scorecard is models that is used for evaluating the strategic information system of the organization and develop some ideas for the improvement of the operations (Vu 2013). The balanced scorecard allows the development of the objectives and modification of the system developed functions in the organization. The role played by the business integrated operations is evaluated with the improvement of the functions and integration of the console. The tool is used for analyzing the efficiency and modification of the operations. The ratios used for Woolworths include the analysis of past, present, and future development of operations. The risks and weaknesses of the problems would be deduced for the evaluation of the balanced scorecard perspectives (E. Dobbs 2014). The balanced scorecard for Woolworths had shown that the development of the operations and its dependency on various factors. The various factors like cost, labour expenses, commodity prices, and other components had been helpful for forming the evaluation of the operations of the system. Recommendations The deployment of the ICT technologies and implementation of information system had deployed the role for the modification of the ongoing technologies and tools. There are some recommendations that could be followed for successful implementation of the ICT technologies in Woolworths and they are, Follow Waterfall Model for development: The waterfall model is helpful for forming the development of operations in the organization. Woolworths would be assisted for compliance of the ICT technologies and their existing system with the help of waterfall model of software development. The software development would be helpful for increasing the efficiency of operations in the organization. The role played by the waterfall model would be helpful for assisting the functions of the organization. Waterfall model is a step by step process and it involves modification of the system developed tools and functions in the organization. Formation of a Plan: The formation of a plan would be helpful for modifying the functions and develop some methods for implementing the ICT technologies. It is important for forming the successful implementation of the technology. The plan making can be done by using project management concepts and tools. The strategies developed would be helpful for making the operations of the organization more effective and viable. Improve Security Measures: The security measures would be helpful for the successful implementation of the operations of the organization. The security measures would be helpful for forming more effective and smart implementation of the operations. The security of the ICT can be deployed by the use of user authentication and identity verification. The encryption is another factor that develops some effective and smart methods for forming continuous development of operations. Implementation Plan Figure 1: Implementation Plan for ICT in Woolworths (Source: Created by the author in MS-project) Conclusion The operations of the organization had been largely dependent on the online activities and web services along with traditional brick and mortar operations. The role of the organization had been largely dependent on the influence of the technology and techniques. The objectives of Woolworths include the development of faster and more effective operations, global market capture, and indulging more customers in the organization. The classical theme of the language communication had provided the ease of communication in the organization and development of the more improved functions in the organization. The foundation and implementation theme had caused the influence of the modification and it had been crucially influenced by the role of the key stakeholders. The recovering and deployment theme had been largely influenced by the requirement of the modification in the organization. The classic theme of technological construction had largely influenced the development of the functions in t he organization. The theme of systematically development been crucially influenced by the development methods used. The social work system had influenced the development operations and functional improvement and formed a bridge for evaluation of the services provided by developed tools and system. References Arli, V., Dylke, S., Burgess, R., Campus, R. and Soldo, E., 2013. Woolworths Australia and Walmart US: Best practices in supply chain collaboration.Journal of Economics, Business Accountancy Ventura,16(1). Ayvaz, Z., Balaban, M.O. and Kong, K.J.W., 2017. Effects of Different Brining Methods on Some Physical Properties of Liquid Smoked King Salmon.Journal of Food Processing and Preservation,41(1). Bull, J.W., Jobstvogt, N., Bhnke-Henrichs, A., Mascarenhas, A., Sitas, N., Baulcomb, C., Lambini, C.K., Rawlins, M., Baral, H., Zhringer, J. and Carter-Silk, E., 2016. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats: A SWOT analysis of the ecosystem services framework.Ecosystem services,17, pp.99-111. Button, D., Harrington, A. and Belan, I., 2014. E-learning information communication technology (ICT) in nursing education: A review of the literature.Nurse Education Today,34(10), pp.1311-1323. Chen, W.M., Kim, H. and Yamaguchi, H., 2014. Renewable energy in eastern Asia: Renewable energy policy review and comparative SWOT analysis for promoting renewable energy in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.Energy Policy,74, pp.319-329. Dobbs, M., 2014. Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), pp.32-45. Gale, N.K., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S. and Redwood, S., 2013. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research.BMC medical research methodology,13(1), p.117. Gustafson, D.H., McTavish, F., Mahoney, J.E., Johnson, R.A., Lee, J.D., Quanbeck, A., Atwood, A.K., Isham, A., Veeramani, R., Clemson, L. and Shah, D., 2015. The effect of an information and communication technology (ICT) on older adults quality of life: study protocol for a randomized control trial.Trials,16(1), p.191. Hashim, J., 2015. Information communication technology (ICT) adoption among SME owners in Malaysia.International Journal of Business and Information,2(2). Jones, P., Simmons, G., Packham, G., Beynon-Davies, P. and Pickernell, D., 2014. An exploration of the attitudes and strategic responses of sole-proprietor micro-enterprises in adopting information and communication technology.International Small Business Journal,32(3), pp.285-306. Keller, J. and Heiko, A., 2014. The influence of information and communication technology (ICT) on future foresight processesResults from a Delphi survey.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,85, pp.81-92. Kurtz, T.E., 2015. Approaches for Developing a Model for Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Implementation in the Higher Education Environment. Law, R., Buhalis, D. and Cobanoglu, C., 2014. Progress on information and communication technologies in hospitality and tourism.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(5), pp.727-750. Marshall, S., 2013. Evaluating the strategic and leadership challenges of MOOCs.Journal of Online Learning and Teaching,9(2), p.216. Muoz-Miralles, R., Ortega-Gonzlez, R., Lpez-Morn, M.R., Batalla-Martnez, C., Manresa, J.M., Montell-Jordana, N., Chamarro, A., Carbonell, X. and Torn-Monserrat, P., 2016. The problematic use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in adolescents by the cross sectional JOITIC study.BMC pediatrics,16(1), p.140. Opara, J.A. and Onyije, L.E., 2014. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT): a panacea to achieving effective goals in institutional administration.International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (12), pp.81-87. Riggins, F. and Weber, D., 2016. Exploring the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on intermediation market structure in the microfinance industry.The African Journal of Information Systems,8(3), p.1. Serin, G., 2015. The Effect of Gender and Professional Development in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on Science Teachers Use of Classroom Practices.Anadolu Journal Of Educational Sciences International,5(1). Taylor, P., 2015. The importance of information and communication technologies (ICTs): An integration of the extant literature on ICT adoption in small and medium enterprises. Thistlethwaite, J.E., Forman, D., Matthews, L.R., Rogers, G.D., Steketee, C. and Yassine, T., 2014. Competencies and frameworks in interprofessional education: a comparative analysis.Academic Medicine,89(6), pp.869-875. Tong, C., Tak, W.I.W. and Wong, A., 2015. The Impact of knowledge sharing on the relationship between organizational culture and Job satisfaction: The perception of information communication and technology (ICT) practitioners in Hong Kong.International Journal of Human Resource Studies,5(1), p.19. Vu, K.M., 2013. Information and communication technology (ICT) and Singapores economic growth.Information Economics and policy,25(4), pp.284-300. Wildevuur, S.E. and Simonse, L.W., 2015. Information and communication technologyenabled person-centered care for the big five chronic conditions: scoping review.Journal of medical Internet research,17(3), p.e77. Woolworthsgroup.com.au. (2017).The Woolworths Story - Woolworths Group. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/The_Woolworths_Story/How_We_Were_Founded [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Woolworthsgroup.com.au. (2017).Woolworths Group: Quality Brands and Trusted Retailing. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/ [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017].

The Turbulen Sixties Essay Example For Students

The Turbulen Sixties Essay Throughout American history, each generation has sought to individualize itself from all others preceding it. Decades of American history can be separated to represent a distinctive set of values, culture, and political ideals. The 1960s was a decade caught between euphoric, idealistic beginnings and a discordant, violent climax. The music of this time period produced a strong counterculture which sought to influence America in a way never before experienced. The songs were the backbone of this new age; they were the tunes which the generation danced to, marched to, and got high off of. This paper will discuss the ways popular music of the 1960s produced national awareness of the anti-war movements, led to the partialcollapse of the structure of American society, and forever changed the way current generations listen to and buy music. The songwriters of the 1960s were rarely without inspiration. Perhaps the most powerful incentive came from the movement to end the Vietnam War. Many of the most prominent musicians of that generation aided the struggle to protest against and attempt to end the war. We will write a custom essay on The Turbulen Sixties specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The most popular song to be considered an anthem against the war efforts was called Blowin in the Wind, written by Bob Dylan in 1962 while he was living in New York. The song is centered around racism and militarism, two main focal points which were principal in many early sixties protest songs (Pichaske 58). Dylan used conventional symbols to blatantly state his point; a white dove representing peace, flying cannon balls describing war and violence, and roads and seas symbolizing the hardships and struggles there would have to be with eliminating the war. Demonstrations against the Vietnam War took place in many major cities and college campuses. While many of these demonstrations had only eaceful motives, violent methods were often used to break them up. Take for example the famous student takeover of Columbia University. Black students arguing for civil rights, and white students protesting against the Vietnam war successfully took over Hamilton Hall, the Low Library and the Deans office, as well as three other buildings. The Grateful Dead were smuggled onto campus and played several long sets of music while students began to set up communal living, with food generously donated by outside supporters and Harlems CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) Office, nd hospitals run by medical students from local hospitals (Anderson 196- 197). The stage was set for an unprecedented event which had never before happened, an entire campus being placed under the control of students. However, plainclothes police were called in to violently break up the students, and by May of 1968, the administration regained control. Many people were shocked that police used such violent and bloody methods to break up the resistance. The mayor of New York, John Lindsay, said that he himself believed that the measures used to regain Columbia were overly brutal and forceful (Sann 234-235). The aftermath had great implications on some of the music played at Woodstock in 1969. Joni Mitchell, for example, cried for more of these types of protests when she sang, weve got to get ourselves, back to the garden. By 1970, confrontations with student activists and armed forces had become overly violent. At Kent University of that year, National Guard forces opened fire at a group of demonstrators in Ohios Kent State University, killing four and injuring 9 (Encarta). These actions led to many college students jointly rebelling against sending troops to Cambodia, and an even larger number called for he impeachment of then President Nixon (Anderson 350). In 1967, in New York, roughly 3000 rioters pelted police with bottles, stones, and eggs. In this time of turmoil, Bob Dylan again wrote another song which would forever define the plights of this generation. .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b , .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b .postImageUrl , .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b , .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b:hover , .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b:visited , .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b:active { border:0!important; } .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b:active , .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8a004d72e08cf227db4a9226bde47e4b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Language Arts Development Persuasive EssayIn The Times They Are AChangin, he uses metaphors, such as running water, open-eyed writers and critics, and clueless senators and congressmen. He calls for the parents of these rebellious students to not criticize them, for they can never understand the battle that their sons and daughters are fighting (Maslin 221). Aside from the struggle to end the war in Vietnam and achieve civil rights, the generation of the 1960s was struggling to individualize itself. The main proponent of this struggle was a movement called the counterculture. The counterculture was at one time s smaller minority that spawned from the activist movement. The participants of this movement, often called hippies were characterized not only by their bell-bottomed pants, tie-dyed shirts and loose moral values, but also by the music they listened to. While they did exemplify aspects of the activists, and they were certainly anti-war, their demonstrations were not take-overs of ollege campuses, or marches in major metropolitan areas, but generally mellow love-ins and be-ins. The drugs of choice at these gatherings were marijuana and the hallucinogenic LSD (Pichaske 114). The counterculture was a movement of writers and poets, advocating principles of an alternative lifestyle and a general distrust of all authority, especially the government, oftenly referred to as Big Brother, a term coined in George Orwells 1984. Poetry was a common outlet for many constituents of the counterculture. Reading and publications of poetry were common place, as was the purchasing of anthologies by schools and universities Kunitz 133). The likes of Bob Dylan and Phil Ochs had started out singing their songs in tiny coffeshops between long readings of poetry. The music of the counterculture would leave an indemnable mark on the way music is performed and marketed today. The musicians of the counterculture were set apart from the heralding, acoustic music of the activists. Bands such as the Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, Big Brother and the Holding Company, and The Doors were regularly giving free shows which would last for unprecedented amounts of time in a district of San Fransisco known as Haight-Ashbury. Haight-Ashbury was the Mecca of the counterculture movement. It was here that the hippies set up communal living, sharing large Victorian style houses, setting up free clinics, and staging sporadic rock concerts. The culmination of the counterculture, as well as of the entire decade occurred on a large patch of farmland in Bethel, New York, and is referred to as the Woodstock Music and Arts Festival. It was the pinnacle event of youthful innocence and idealistic glory. Its predecessor, The Monterey Pop Festival on the west coast, met with huge success, headlined by such greats as the Mamas and the Papas, The Who, and Jimmy Hendrix. Woodstock was also a major success, hailing bands such as Jefferson Airplane, the Grateful Dead, Canned Heat, Country Joe and the Fish, Creedence Clearwater Revival, and Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young. The people who came to this festival were part of a cultural revolution which would bring the hippies onto a worldwide stage. For three rain- drenched days, over half a million people lived in almost complete harmony with one another. Through food shortages, lack of medical supplies, and toilets overflowing, the hippies maintained their helpful and brotherly pirits and everyone left Bethel with nothing but good feelings (Anderson 278). Music from the Youngbloods best summed it up when they sang, Cmon people now/ Smile on your brother/ Everybody get together/ Try to love one another right now. In the aftermath of Woodstock, cultural activists began formulating ideas about a peaceful station for communal living called the Youth Nation (Anderson 279). What many of these activists failed to realize is that with Woodstock, the 1960s had in effect ended. What followed were strings of commercial takeovers of bands and exploitations of the now popular counterculture. More significantly, the fact that Charles Manson was portrayed as a freakish hippie, led to the downfall of the ideals of the counterculture (Sann 285-286). The 1960s also saw the resurgence of feminism. Lower infant mortality rates, soaring adult life expectancy, and the availability of the birth control pill gave women greater freedom from child-care responsibilities. .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584 , .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584 .postImageUrl , .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584 , .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584:hover , .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584:visited , .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584:active { border:0!important; } .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584:active , .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584 .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub4fb5c1ca3c547b3a8e4f1b418ed6584:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hate Crime Laws EssayBra burnings were a common spectacle held on campuses and other public places to express a freedom from the bondages of a male dominated community. More females were attempting to enter the workplace after an economic inflation during the sixties (Encarta). Singer/songwriters such as Joni Mitchell and Joan Baez became unofficial spokeswomen of the feminist movement. They were considered groundbreaking pioneers in the music business, an industry that had usually been dominated by men. Baez especially lived out the countercultural womans dream, participating in the feminist movement, marrying a draft dodger, and maintaining that she would not pay her taxes (Pichaske 139). The 1960s was also a decade that brought about major economic changes. Major corporations began to exploit terminology commonly associated with the counterculture as the decade winded down (Frank 77-78). After Woodstock, record labels began methodically recruiting performers and signing them to contracts. The music was becoming less oriented to free form and more constricted so as to present them on FM radio. Advertising became increasingly directed towards the hippies. Pepsi Cola began airing commercials that consisted of an eerie psychedelic renderings of urban nightlife, with the Pepsi theme sounding more like a Byrds song than a commercial jingle (Frank 178). Many musicians began fighting a sense of deep disillusion as the sixties winded down. Perhaps Dylan, the man who poke so poignantly about the generation understood it best, he knew that the most prominent threat to musicians of the sixties was their image, it leads to the generalization of their art and destroys it (Pichaske 177). In conclusion, the sixties were a turbulent time characterized with both optimism and despair. The music that this generation spawned has lasted as a remnant of the idealistic and hopful nature of the times. In many cases, the songs are interrelated with certain events. In other instances, music was used as a catalyst to ignite a chain of events. Whatever the case may be, music was revolutionized during the1960s.

Word Choice Imply vs. Infer - Proofeds Writing Tips Blog

Word Choice Imply vs. Infer Word Choice: Imply vs. Infer The words imply and infer are often confused. Both are verbs relating to communication, but one refers to the speaker/writer, and the other applies to the listener/reader. In a conversation, for instance, one person could imply something, while the other would need to infer their meaning. This, in fact, is a good way to remember how these terms should be used: A speaker implies, while a listener infers. Read on to learn more. Imply (To Suggest) The verb imply means to suggest something through speech or writing without explicitly stating it. It would be used in a sentence like this: The President implied that he had no intention to introduce the law. Aside from direct communication, imply can also be used when drawing a conclusion that follows from particular situation, as in the sentence: His suitcase implied that he intended to stay the night. The word imply is occasionally also used to mean necessitates or entails, as in the sentence: A vacation to Japan implies air travel. Infer (Derive by Reasoning) The verb infer means reach a conclusion based on the evidence presented. This involves examining clues and making a judgment based on reasoning, rather than on the basis of explicitly stated factual information. For example, if you were to ask someone whether chocolate milkshake is the best flavor, the person youre speaking to could respond by pointing out that there are lots of different flavors of milkshake. Although this wouldnt be an explicit rejection of the superiority of chocolate milkshake, we could infer that the other person disagrees (or at least that they also like other kinds of milkshake) based upon what they have said. What a listener infers is not necessarily what was intended by the speaker. For instance, the listener might interpret what has been said incorrectly. Imply or Infer? Whether you need to use imply or infer in any given situation is all about point of view. The person speaking or writing is the one doing the implying. The person listening or reading is the one doing the inferring. If you would like more guidance regarding academic writing, or to have up to 500 words of your work checked for free, get in touch with the professionals at Proofed!

These five techniques will transform your technical writing - Emphasis

These five techniques will transform your technical writing These five techniques will transform your technical writing Here is the gist of a conversation I had with a scientist a few years ago. I was teaching a one-day technical-writing course that she was (reluctantly) attending. ‘What do you write?’ ‘Mainly records of experiments and field trials.’ ‘And do you enjoy writing?’ ‘No, I absolutely loathe it.’ ‘Why?’ ‘Because it’s just going to sit in a dusty folder somewhere and no one will ever read it.’ My first thought was that it was going to be a long, hard day. Happily, I was wrong. In this short post, I wont go through the protocols and conventions unique to technical writing, as thats not necessary to get results (although you may find this article on  how to write a paper useful). No, the key is to approach it from first principles – the disciplines every writer, technical or otherwise, should be aware of and practise. 1. Be clear and logical I usually enjoy training scientists. They have one essential quality that’s gold dust for a writer – they’re trained to think logically and clearly. While their PhD may be in low-temperature physics or fluvial dynamics, they bring a rigorous way of thinking thats incredibly helpful when it comes to writing up their work. Refreshingly, they’re also often among the most enthusiastic and intelligent students. When I’m training, the one thing I want people to take away is the power and importance of writing. It obviously helps if you have a love and respect for language as well, but that’s a personal thing. If I could instil in the scientist a sense of pride in her writing, at least, I thought, that would be a start. 2. Focus on the audience For some 15 years, I was the lead writer for Jaguar. I wrote the launches of their cars and all the company’s major conferences and speeches, some of which were highly technical. But the first question any writer has to ask, regardless of the material, is always the same – who is going to read this? Or, if it’s a speech, who is going to listen to it? An automotive engineer, for example, will have a clear understanding of terms such as ‘horsepower’ and ‘torque’ and how they influence a car’s performance. They will also be familiar with the host of abbreviations and acronyms that are common parlance in the engineering community. (Is there a sector that doesn’t have its own jargon or buzzwords?) If a piece of writing is peer to peer, it’s generally fine to use these terms without explanation (but sparingly, please). An engine’s performance may simply be expressed in measurements, graphs and charts – if the information is simply and clearly presented, the knowledgeable reader will be able to extract what they want and interpret it. The writing will have served its primary function, which is to communicate. 3. Consider every word Most drivers, however, would struggle to explain ‘horsepower’ and ‘torque’, let alone the difference between them. Unless they’re fully paid-up petrolheads, all they may know is that a powerful car will have a lot of both. Car manufacturers know this, of course, and that’s when (supposedly sexy) language starts creeping into the writing. ‘Effortless’ and ‘refined power’, for example, are words Jaguar often use to describe torque delivery for the layman. (I fought long and hard to suppress the truly awful ‘waftability’, but it seems to have crept into the marketing.) The point is that you use the appropriate language for the audience. The engineer writing the technical report isn’t selling the car, so they don’t need to use adjectives and adverbs (modifying words) to communicate performance – they can let the stats do the talking. In fact, if they submit their findings to scientific journals, they’ll find that most editors delete modifiers anyway, because at best they’re subjective, and at worst vague and confusing, especially for an international audience. Editors encourage authors to ‘unpackage’ concepts – to present them in simple, clear sentences. 4. Keep it brief Most people have a lot of things they could be doing rather than wading through 50 pages of turgid, unfocused waffle. Know your reader, know what you want to say and know why you’re saying it. Is it relevant to your reader? If not, why are you making them read it? And although you may have spent ages writing something, be aware of ‘Mr Skippy’ – the person who will just skim through the text. He may only read the sub-heads, so make sure they tell the story clearly. 5. Be active and engaging Get people into your writing. The passive voice (‘the trials were conducted †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) may be the default in most technical writing, but the active voice is more direct (‘we conducted the trials †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢). You dont have to do it all the time: a balance between passive and active is best. But we’re people and we like to read about ourselves, even if it’s just a humble pronoun (‘we’). Incidentally, a surprising number of journals recommend the active voice in their instructions for authors, including Nature. And the reluctant scientist on my course? I saw her for a follow-up class a couple of months later and her writing had improved immeasurably, largely because she was now thinking clearly and writing short, clear sentences. Most importantly, she was taking pride in her writing and even starting to think of publishing her work. It had been a day well spent. Jack can help you improve your team’s technical writing. Call us on  +44 (0)1273 732 888 for a chat to explore how.

Restorative Justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Restorative Justice - Assignment Example ative justice works as a crime prevention tool because any crime cannot be observed out of social context and community justice has a constructive influence on the offender. According to Dignan (2005), restorative justice as an effective tool of crime prevention allows to ‘govern the future’, instead of only thinking about mistakes of the past. The benefits of Restorative Justice to the Community are the following: restorative justice allows the Community to be involved into the process of justice, defining crime not only as lawbreaking, but also as harming to different kinds of victims; restorative justice involves different parties into the process and the problem of crime become not only the problem of the government, but also the problem of the community; restorative justice defines success differently and it allows to understand and satisfy victims’ needs end offenders’ responsibilities in a full degree. Thinking about the benefits of restorative justice to the Offender it becomes understandable that offenders returning to the community after the term of their punishment have a possibility to be successfully reintegrated to their communities and families, and continue normal life, instead of being out of the community for the whole

Camus life is absurd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Camus life is absurd - Essay Example Even the non-living things have their own concerns and things matter for them as will be discussed in the paper. This thesis will be argued for by discussing nature, motivations, and actions of both the living beings and the non-living beings in this world. Explication Hare argues that when Camus says â€Å"Nothing Matters†, there can be three entities to which nothing matters; Camus, the main character of his novel, or the reader. Now saying that nothing matters to Camus is absurd because if nothing mattered to him, he would not have written such an interesting, highly influential, and engaging novel. As for the main character of the novel written by Camus, it is also inappropriate to thing that nothing mattered to him because for one, that was an imaginary character without his own aspirations, desires, or motives and only acted as Camus wanted him to and secondly, the activities he does in the novel cannot be done without having any concern. Thus, the reader draws wrong inf erences from the novel by thinking that nothing matters. Matter is not an activity like â€Å"chatter† because if it was to be taken in this sense, then â€Å"Nothing Matters† seems right. ... Life never imparts the meaning that people want from it. So their either believe in God hoping that they would get the rewards in the world hereafter or they find meaninglessness in life. The latter conclusion motivates one to commit suicide because one does not find life worth living. This leaves an individual with two options; either to commit suicide or to believe in the world hereafter. A third possibility is accepting to live in a world that does not have any meaning. Main Argument Hare’s argument is right. Nothing in this world has been made without a purpose. Even things like insects such as mosquitos and flies that we often think of as a burden on us have not been made without a purpose as they play an important role in maintaining the ecosystem healthy and going. Likewise, non-living things like the sun and the moon are not purposeless. Sun gives us light during the day as well as during the night by reflecting through the moon. The moon has the concern of getting the light from the sun to glow because without the reflection of sunlight, it would not glow. Camus’s argument is inherently illogical and false. There is hardly anyone who never gets from life what he/she wants. By nature, man has two desires; first, to gain worldly desires like money, power, and fame and secondly, to gain satisfaction and peace of mind by doing good deeds. If an individual tries but cannot become rich, he might not have been able to fulfill his desires, but he can always derive pleasure and peace of mind by doing good deeds. Many good deeds do not even require the individual to spend money e.g. helping a blind man cross a road does not take any money but doing so lends one happiness and satisfaction. This suggests that

Reflecting on Wisdom Essay Example for Free

Reflecting on Wisdom Essay Using the information presented in Ch. 10 of your text and other scholarly sources, describes the attributes that are commonly associated with wise people. Identify a person you have known in your life or someone you have never met. Write a 700- to 900-word paper addressing the following: †¢What characteristics of wisdom does this individual possess? †¢What makes him or her wise? †¢Which of these attributes do you believe you have developed most fully? †¢Which do you believe you need to develop more fully in the years to come? Explain. My friend Liz is probably the only person who I could really turn to for advice and her wisdom and knowledge has always helped me through the rough times and the good times. I remember meeting Liz one day at school and asked if I could borrow a pencil from her during math class. When I returned it back she said I could have it but to try not to lose it since it is an obvious writing instrument to have. Well, after a few days I noticed she would sit alone during lunch time so I asked her if she wanted to join my friends and I for lunch, ever since we have been best of friends. According to my reading in my Positive Psychology books in Ch. 10 Table 10.2 Classification of virtues and character strengths wisdom and knowledge is cognitive strengths that entail the acquisition and use of knowledge. The defining strengths describe her or what she possesses: creativity, curiosity, open-mindedness, love of learning, and perspective. She has always been creative since day one when I asked to borrow a pencil. During that time we were learning how to make a cube out of paper and Liz knew how to do the cube without even asking how to make it. She could make things to be productive. I could recall during a campout with a bunch of girls how to make things out of sticks with leaves and such. It was amazing on how much she knew without really knowing how to do it in the beginning. Her open-mindedness was well respected in our little group of friends that luckily for us we could always count on her to see all sides of an argument. Liz was the really the bookworm of the group, she always had some new book of something so she could learn something new. I remember her Astrology phase which lead into other similar aspects like numerology, love signs, birthday meanings. It was an interesting chapter in all of our lives. What makes Liz wise is that she has patience with everyone and everything. She will sit there and listen to you and give advice and a shoulder to lean on. I remember I was having boy trouble and by the third time the guy and I split he wanted me back the next day. I was so confused by him and his emotions that I went to Liz and ask for advice and what does she think. Being that she knew me and my relationship with the guy, she gave me some good comments and advice that still sticks to me today. She said about the pattern that the guy and I had is not a healthy for either of us. She said that he’s just playing with my emotions and using me for a doormat for something else that was really getting his attention. I was young and naà ¯ve to see what was really going on with him and I thought I was really in love with him. The attributes that I believe I developed most fully is the love of learning. I find everything as a challenge. Mastering skills, topics, and bodies of knowledge keeps me busy and absorbing and experiencing new obstacles. My latest mastering skill is calligraphy. At first it was quite difficult but after some time and practice I am able to make important announcements freehand and it makes me giddy and exhilarated that I created such beautiful work without the help or computers. I always did find calligraphy to be extremely hard but after hard work and patience I say I am a complete natural. The one defining strength I believe I need to develop more in the years is open-mindedness. I always thought I was open-minded for new things or even things I thought I was open-minded to. For example, my boyfriend and I are total opposites when it comes to alcoholic beverages. He prefers wines and hard liquor while I prefer fruity drinks and wine coolers. I told him one day I would try wine some time and when he ordered a case of wine from his catalog, without me knowing, that when the UPS dropped off the wine, my boyfriend had some wine glasses out and ready for me to try. At first I was really against it because I wasn’t in a â€Å"drinking mood† but really it was only because of the comments people would make and say about wine on how it’s bitter and sweet in the same time. After I refused the first glass, he said he thought I was open-minded to try some wine. After that it really got to me on how much I thought I was open-minded when in actuality I was closed-minded. Not only on wine was I not open-minded to but on other things and matters as well. After the comment my boyfriend made I made sure I try it before I â€Å"knocked it off† my list. I tried a few wines, red and whites, and noticed I have neutral taste for the both. I could only manage one glass and after that I am good. It is not because it m ade me spin or intoxicated but the aftertaste is what gets to me.

Americans that Terrorize Americans Essay -- essays research papers fc

AMERICANS THAT TERRORIZE AMERICANS With the cold war still thawing out and terrorism on the rise, there is a fear within the borders of the world’s greatest nation. This is a new kind of fear, especially in light of the recent attack on the World Trade Center, and even radical solutions are being considered. The United States for the most part of the last fifty years has felt an adequate sense of security from the â€Å"evils of the world†, but now that blanket of freedom has been threatened from within America’s own national borders. President Bush has vowed to track down every terrorist group in the war on terrorism, but the war needs to begin on United States soil. The solution to the war on terrorism is to start with educating the citizens of America about the terrorist organizations within United States borders, and stop American terrorist from terrorizing America. When an American terrorist threatens the freedoms of their own next-door neighbors, the current policies of policing the streets must be weighed. The threat lies within various groups that have been identified by the already established Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) about a month before the Oklahoma City bombing by McVeigh. These groups are overwhelmingly white, almost entirely Christian, and predominantly male. The group is called the Patriot Movement, which are compiled of members that are bitterly disappointed in what America has become. Experts estimate that about 200,000 Americans are active in the hate ...

Increasing Productivity in SMEs Essay

Introduction The literature indicates that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) contribute a significantly to a country’s GDP. In addition, they employ large numbers of people. According to the Bank of England Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics (2001), almost 99.8% of businesses in the UK, one for every 10 workers, are SMEs, employing less than 250 people. This means that one out of eight workers is self-employed. Similarly, according to Cole (n.d.), the World Bank believes that one significant difference between high and low income countries is the percentage of SMEs in each. In a typical high-income country about 57% of employment comes from the SME sector, while in a typical low-income country only 18% of employment comes from the same sector. An example of a high-income country is the US, with 85% of companies designated at SMEs, contributing 50% of the GDP and employing 50% of the labor force (Cabello, 2010). Another example of a high-income country is Japan with 99.5% of bu sinesses designated as SMEs employing fully two-thirds of the entire labor force (Cabello, 2010). Given the sizeable contributions SMEs make in terms of employment and adding to a country’s GDP, it is tremendously important they increase their competitiveness in a globalized economic environment. Unfortunately, there is significant evidence that SMEs lag in productivity—the reasons vary based on what line of business the SME is in. For example, in a small factory, low worker output may be due to problems with the machines or low morale because of bad worker-manager relations (Calzado, 2003). However, another reason that SMEs are unproductive is their inability to effectively utilize Information and Communication Technology (ICT), sometimes simply referred to as Information Technology (IT) (Calzado, 2003). According to Qureshi and York (2008), Ho, Kauffman, and Liang (2008), and Bharadwaj (2000), there is a large consensus among scholars and policymakers that the adequate use of ICT increases the competitiveness of employees and strengthens the position of companies in the global economy (as cited in Millis, 2008). This literature clearly shows that companies who integrate ICT in a proper way score significantly better than their competitors in the field of cost control and profit. In fact, a high level of computerization and networking is perceived as a crucial factor to enhance the efficiency of employees and thus to remain competitive, which is one reason that governments around the world have responded to these finding by launching initiatives to encourage companies to adapt ICT more aggressively (Millis, 2008). However, while there is agreement that SME productivity must be increased and that this can be achieved by the successful integration and use of ICT, the literature also indicates that SMEs are not successful at acquiring, utilizing or integrating ICT. Therefore, while large corporations have successfully integrated ICT so as to generate more output with fewer resources, SMEs have been left behind (Wielicki & Arendt, 2007). Therefore, this paper seeks to investigate the reasons why SMEs do not utilize technology effectively and possibly provide some recommendations for dealing with this situation. The Problem with Technology Integration and Utilization in SMEs Why Government Initiatives Fail In an analysis of policy measures designed to advance the computerization levels of SMEs, Millis (2008) indicates that governments around the world have launched initiatives to encourage companies to adapt ICT more aggressively. However, while this has met with success in larger companies, adaptation of ICT in SMEs has not yielded the same return on investment. He found the following reasons for this lack of success: Inadequate standards. Generally, hardware expenses are used as a benchmark standard to measure level of computerization in companies. However, this does not work well in SMEs because some companies rent rather than own hardware, and ownership does not equate with effective usage. This has resulted in a lack of empirical data by which to assess the effectiveness of government initiatives (Millis, 2008). Oversimplified assumptions and underestimation of SME diversity. All initiatives to encourage the adaptation of ICT are based on a model that assumes a structured sequential process for optimal use of new technology. The model oversimplifies the complexity of the process and overlooks the individual differences between SMEs. For example, some SMEs with an export component are better positioned to computerize faster than companies that do not have an export component. As a result of the diversity of SMEs, government initiatives are too bureaucratic to be effective. Moreover, they lack in SME engagement. This results in many initiatives missing their goals (Millis, 2008). Mismatched expectations. It is ultimately the SME manager’s decision to adapt ICT. This means that each manager must be well informed about the opportunities and threats of the market that they are operating in. In addition, they need to have some knowledge of how to integrate the technology effectively. Oftentimes SME management is suspicious of government initiatives. That, coupled with the lack of engagement between government agencies and SMEs, results in mismatched expectations between managers and government bodies (Millis, 2008). Integration of IT Alone does not Guarantee Increased Performance Francalanci and Morabito (2008) took an in-depth look at the literature regarding the relationship between Information Technology (IT) and business performance. They concluded that integrating IT does not automatically guarantee increased business performance, unless the organization completes the learning curve associated with the integration of data and applications, also known as Information Systems (IS). The authors, labeled this integration of IS as the organization’s â€Å"absorptive capacity† and claimed that it plays an intermediary role between IS integration and business performance, where IS integration is the degree to which data and applications have become routine in the day to day activities of an organization. Therefore, the authors hypothesized that â€Å"IS integration leads to greater business performance through absorptive capacity, that is, that absorptive capacity has a mediation role [in how a business performs]† (Francalanci & Morabito, 2008, p. 298). The hypothesis was tested on 466 Italian SMEs who lacked economies of scale in the business setting; exhibited a general lack of IT literacy; and were led by management that was rarely IT-oriented. Absorptive capacity defined. Cohen and Levinthal (1990) and Zahra and George (2002a) defined â€Å"absorptive capacity† as an SME’s ability to first identify/recognize knowledge from external sources, then to assimilate this knowledge in relation to its needs, and finally to exploit this knowledge to its advantage (as cited in Francalanci & Morabito, 2008). This might include the ability to imitate competitors’ products or processes, or to exploit less commercially focused knowledge (e.g., scientific research or IT solutions). Integrating anything external requires a learning curve on the part of the entity attempting its integration. Since IT is a complex technology, it too requires a learning curve so that data and applications may be effectively integrated with the company’s day to day functioning. If this is achieved, IT will have a positive impact on business performance. However, if this is not achieved, then the company not only does not perform better, but also fails to achieve a return on its investment in the IT. Francalanci and Morabito (2008) found that in order for IT to be successfully absorbed, the company first needed to align its processes with the new IT in order for it to result in the desired increase in efficiency. Next, the company needed to make sure that all IT users were sufficiently trained in its uses and applications. In addition, management must ensure that the organization is ready to embrace the change that IT integration and use will bring. And finally, the organization needs to display flexibility in adapting to the new IT integration so that there is little loss of time and cost. However, if a company has management that is not IT oriented or that is unwilling to train its employees in IT use, then the absorptive capacity of the company is low resulting in little or no increase in business performance even after an investment in IT. The Digital Divide Wielicki and Arendt (2007), agree with Francalanci and Morabito (2008) in their findings as to what barriers prevent the successful integration of IT. According to Wielicki and Arendt (2007), these barriers include a lack of elementary digital experience caused by lack of interest; computer anxiety and unattractiveness of the new technology; lack of computers and network connections; lack of digital skills caused by insufficient user friendliness and inadequate education or social support; lack of significant usage opportunities. These barriers are not dissimilar from the characteristics of the 466 SMEs chosen by Francalanci and Morabito (2008)—lack of economies of scale in the business setting; lack of IT literacy and management that was not IT-oriented. It is these barriers that, according to Wielicki and Arendt (2007), constitute the â€Å"digital divide† between SMEs and larger companies that have successfully and willingly adopted and absorbed IT to increase their competitive advantages. According to Wielicki and Arendt (2007), it is the failure to understand the digital divide which may have a profound impact on operations of business in this information-driven century. In other words, far from being a luxury, IT has become a necessity in this globalized economic environment. Without successful integration of IT, that is, moving beyond the basic use of the Internet and e-mail for basic communication purposes, a company might find itself unable to take advantage of e-commerce ventures due to the limited level of computer literacy of both employees and broad market participants. In particular, in developed and emerging markets, a company may find that the presence of the digital divide may prevent it from appreciating the benefits of technology-driven opportunities. As a result, the dynamic growth of the e-commerce economy could turn out to be somewhat deceiving unless we can move more businesses and more of society onto the right side of the divide. Implications and Recommendations Across the literature there is no doubt that integration of ICT has become a necessity for business success for SMEs. However, the literature also agrees that there are many barriers in the way of successful absorption and implementation of ICT in SMEs. In addition to the widespread agreement on these two points, the literature also provides proposals and recommendations for overcoming the barriers. One important factor in creating solutions is government involvement due to the lack of financial resources on the part of individual SMEs. However, one size does not fit all, and Millis (2008) provides the following suggestions about how government should proceed: * Creation of a proper standard for measuring the progression of ICT and e-technology adaptation * Taking into account the complexity of the reality and circumstances in SMEs that prevent computerization proceeding as a structured, sequential process. * Taking into account that a holistic approach to IT integration cannot work because of the large diversity between SMEs * Avoidance of high-level approaches and over-bureaucratized project structures * Avoidance of overestimating the impact of government initiatives on the behavior of participating SMEs * Provision of direct and specific support to SMEs designed to elicit concrete results * Creation of realistic and measurable goals and models that support the choices of the company rather than something generic that is imposed on the company be the government Another recommendation comes from Wielicki and Arendt (2007). Since the US is the most advanced country with regard to IT use and integration, they suggest that it be used as a model of study to determine how the barriers to successful IT integration be overcome in other countries. In addition, they counsel continued research to track the progress of SMEs in crossing the business digital divide, tracking the level of implementation of ICT-based solutions at the business process level and the role of ICT training in SMEs or of ICT in integrating business processes of SMEs. In an effort to successfully define these research objectives, Thurasamy, Mohamad, Omar, and Marimuthu (2009), have proposed an empirical study across 1500 Malaysian SMEs in order to determine the following: 1. To profile the type of technologies adopted by SMEs. 2. To profile the extent of usage of each of those technologies. 3. To develop an index for performance and technological adoption tracking of SMEs. 4. To investigate factors that encourage, as well as those that remain barriers to technology adoption. 5. To establish the extent of technology adoption and performance (financial and non-financial) plus Internationalization. As we can see, the objectives of this study mirror the suggestions of Wielicki and Arendt (2007) as to the nature of further research into IT integration in SMEs. Another reason cited for the unsuccessful adaptation of IT was lack of employee training. Therefore, government initiatives like the ones featured in a report released by the Directorate-General for Education and Culture in Belgium (2003), could be utilized towards increasing the effectiveness of employees in relation to the use and adaptation of IT. The report profiles 10 European employee training programs ranging from Worldwide web-based information and communication technologies training for manufacturing SMEs to a CD-Rom based program to help SMEs define their training needs. Conclusion As can be seen from the above discussion, there is a definite need to foster the integration of IT/ICT in SMEs in both developed and developing economies. While this need has been documented by the literature, it is also clear that there are many obstacles that stand in the way of the successful implementation of the technology. It would seem, therefore, that the stage is set for further investigation into the technological and educational needs of SMEs around the world. It would also seem that there are employment and business opportunities for those with the necessary know-how and skills to offer their services as consultants and trainers to SMEs desiring to integrate IT/ICT into their day to day activities. References Bank of England Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics. (2001, January). Retrieved from http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:JvJUI7yMYv8J:www.accaglobal.com/pdfs/smallbusiness/EESME.doc+SME+percentage+of+GDP&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us Cabello, N. (2010, March 1). Looking at some SME successes in developed countries. Manila Bulleting Publishing Corporation. Retrieved from http://www.mb.com.ph/node/245735/looking- Calzado, M. M. (2003). Productivity Management Guide for SMEs, 1, 25-28. Retrieved from http://www.ilofip.org/Documents/Module3-Causesforlowproductivity.pdf Cole, K. (n.d.). Technoserve and the Google Foundation spark Ghanaian economy through needed Small and Medium Enterprise development. Believe, Begin, Become. Retrieved from http://www.believe-begin-become.com/Ghana/morenews.asp?NewsID=23 Directorate-General for Education and Culture in Belgium (2003). Building Skills and Qualifications among SME employees. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier EBSCO database. Millis, K. (2008). Critical analysis of policy measures for the advancement of the level of computerization of SMEs. Information Technology for Development, 14(3), 253-258. Retrieved April 23, 2010 from Academic Search Premier EBSCO database. Thurasamy, R., Mohamad, O., Omar, A., & Marimuthu, M. (2009). Technology adoption among Small and Medium Enterprises (SME’s): A research agenda. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 53. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier EBSCO database. Wielicki, T. & Arendt, L. (2007). ICT Training—Key to closing digital divide among businesses: Case of SMEs in central California. International Journal of Learning,organizational absorptive capacity in SMEs. Journal of Information Technology, 14(6), 181-186. Retrieved from EBSCO Host database.

Othello has been called a ‘domestic tragedy’

A domestic tragedy takes place in a personal setting. In Othello, the men are in Cyprus to fight a war. However, the tragedy is the events within the relationships of the central characters. There is little discussion of the war and, although Desdemona blames state matters for Othello's change in behaviour, the real problems Othello faces are matters of the heart. The women in the play have no part in the war, but still their presence contributes to the downfall of both Othello and Iago, creating repercussions for the state. The historical context of the play is important when considering the female characters contained in it. The play was first performed in 1604 at the start of the reign of King James I. It is generally thought that wives were expected to be obedient to their husbands at this time, and play the â€Å"maiden never bold†, as Desdemona is described by her father in Act One, scene three. However, the time of the play's first performance was shortly after the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Elizabeth never married and is known to have been of strong character. It is therefore likely that a strong-willed female character would have been accepted by an audience of this time. A feature of the play that should be considered is the misogyny shown by the male characters. In the first scene of the play, the language used by Iago to describe the sexual acts of Desdemona and Othello is coarse, â€Å"an old black ram Is tupping your white ewe†. The sexuality of women is valued little by the men in the play, except for Othello who seems to over-romanticise it. Iago is coarse and rude. Cassio is seen as a ladies man, but uses women for sex. Roderigo shows very little knowledge of Desdemona but loves her for her beauty. Othello is similar to this, he idealises Desdemona, showing little understanding of her as a person. As Leavis says, Othello has a â€Å"preoccupation with his emotions rather than with Desdemona in her own right.† The three men, Othello, Iago and Cassio, all have a typically male profession, that of a soldier. They are all, including Othello (despite his romanticism), very masculine characters. Othello's lack of understanding and failure to attempt to understand, the complexity of women contributes greatly to his downfall. The character of Desdemona is a complex one. She has strong beliefs and shows complete devotion to Othello. Her main belief is in true love, and her views on this never falter. She will do anything to maintain her love with Othello. Her first appearance in the play shows bravery, a true love of Othello and complete trust in him. It is here she first expresses her views on love. â€Å"to his honours and valiant parts Did I my soul and fortunes consecrate.† Desdemona believes that to love someone is to give oneself to them completely. She has a very idealistic view on love and this is shown again in Act Four, scene three when she is discussing unfaithful women with Emilia. â€Å"Dost thou in conscience think – tell me, Emilia – That there be women do abuse their husbands In such gross kind?† It is her innocent and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve views that show what Desdemona represents in the play. In ‘The Othello Music', Knight says â€Å"In Othello, pure love is the supreme good†. Desdemona's main belief is in pure love. This leads to the conclusion that Desdemona represents goodness and purity within the play, as when she is dead, Knight says â€Å"pure love lies slain.† Another value Desdemona possesses is compassion. When Cassio loses his status as Othello's Lieutenant, it is Desdemona that he goes to for help, under the instruction of Iago. Even though Iago is doing this to benefit himself, what he says to Cassio of Desdemona is entirely true. â€Å"She is of so free, so kind, so apt, so blessed a disposition, that she holds it a vice in her goodness not to do more than she is requested.† As Knight states in ‘The Othello Music', Desdemona â€Å"is typically feminine in her attempt to help Cassio, and her pity for him.† Othello also tells the Senate in Act One, scene three that he loved Desdemona â€Å"that she did pity† him for the dangers he had passed. It is femininity that Desdemona also represents in the play. She is loved and admired for her girlish innocence and feminine compassion. Emilia represents a more down-to-earth, common sense woman. Her personality, like Desdemona's is feminine in many ways. For example, she is highly protective over Desdemona, acting as a mother figure to her. The femininity she represents is more mature than Desdemona's. As she is older than Desdemona, and has been married to Iago for a longer time than Desdemona to Othello, she is far more knowledgeable about love and life. She is also more cynical and far less romantic in her views. In her conversation with Desdemona about unfaithful women, she openly admits that she would be unfaithful to her husband if the whole world were her reward. Lianne Evans â€Å"who would not make her husband a cuckold, to make him a monarch?† Emilia knows that love and men are not as ideal as Desdemona believes them to be. When Othello's behaviour towards Desdemona changes, Emilia, unlike Desdemona realises that something is wrong with the relationship and that Desdemona should not let Othello treat her in such a way. â€Å"I would you had never seen him.† She stands for strength and common sense, and her views about marriage show this clearly. â€Å"Let husbands know Their wives have sense like them†. Bianca represents a quite impure love within Othello. She shows that she loves Cassio, but her lifestyle as a prostitute also shows this as quite corrupt. She represents the opposite of the innocent and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve Desdemona. She is a woman with no responsibility to anyone but herself in the play. She has a relationship with Cassio but her reputation does not allow this to be taken seriously by anyone, including Cassio himself. She represents a love with few morals. Desdemona believes in completely faithful, perfect love, Emilia believes that being unfaithful is acceptable for a large price and Bianca, although she seems to care greatly about Cassio, has still made her living as a prostitute. She may show strong character in some areas, for example, when Emilia insults her, she comes back with, â€Å"I am no strumpet, but of life as honest As you that thus abuse me.† This shows that she is prepared to stand up for herself and her lifestyle, implying that she believes it is right. It is important when performing Desdemona to a modern audience to portray the strength of her beliefs. Bradley has described Desdemona as â€Å"helplessly passive† and I believe that this view of Desdemona should be avoided. To achieve maximum impact with a modern audience, it is important not to show Desdemona as a helpless victim of abuse, or too stupid to do anything about her unhappy relationship. For Desdemona to be admired and sympathised with, it would be necessary to show her stronger qualities. The reason she allows Othello to treat her with such disrespect is not because she is passive or helpless. She has already shown courage when she first appeared in the play, betraying her father for her love of Othello, and speaking out in front of the Senate. Her dogmatic nature, belief in pure love and loyalty to Othello are the qualities that would achieve a maximum impact with a modern audience. However, it would also be important to show her youth and innocence, being careful not to confuse this with stupidity. She always knows what she is doing, even though it is sometimes misconceived. When standing up for Cassio to Othello, it would be important to show her feminine charms and kind intentions. This would make it believable for Othello to suspect her of adultery, as her nature is so friendly. Emilia appears to be the most modern character of the three women in Othello. Her views on marriage would be much appreciated by a modern audience and her cynicism and wit would be found amusing. Many modern women could easily relate to Emilia. Portraying her mature, worldly personality would be very effective with a modern audience. It would also be important to show her loyalty, especially to Iago. It is clear that Emilia loves Iago as she stands by him throughout the play, until she discovers the real truth about him. According to Bradley, Emilia â€Å"remains perfectly true to herself†, but this is not true. Iago has a great influence over Emilia's actions, and because of Iago, Emilia compromises her own judgement. In stealing Desdemona's handkerchief she is doing something that she knows is wrong, but she does it all the same, just to gain the love of her husband. Showing his power over her would create sympathy for her. Her belief in her husband's honest nature, along with everyone else's, is part of the tragedy of Othello. At the end of the play however, Emilia's common sense returns and her most important scene would need to be performed effectively to create maximum impact. To do this it would be necessary to show Emilia's anger, frustration, hurt and disgust. The character of Emilia is very likeable with a modern audience, and it would be important not to lose any of her strong, amusing and loyal qualities. Performing Bianca would be a difficult task. Her character has little substance and it would be easy to lose her in a performance. Within the play she is mainly ridiculed and insulted. A modern audience could show admiration for her when she approaches Cassio about the handkerchief he gave her. As an actress, it would be important to show Bianca's strength here, and her belief in herself. Bianca could also be sympathised with as her love for Cassio is unrequited and despite her attempts to woo him, he only ridicules her. In general, a modern audience can sympathise with all the women in the play. All, despite their strengths, suffer at the hands of the men in their lives. Desdemona's unfaltering belief in pure love only results in Othello's killing her. Emilia's loyalty and strength leads her to being murdered, also by her own husband. Bianca's love for Cassio only brings her ridicule. In a modern society this supports the radical feminist view that no relationship with a man is beneficial to a woman. Each woman displays different feminine qualities. Desdemona's approach is obedience, Emilia's is loyalty and Bianca's, persistence, but none of these bring them any rewards. The women in Othello are so often misunderstood. The majority of criticism on the play is written by males and there is very little comment on the female characters at all. This has led to difficulty in performing these characters to create a Lianne Evans maximum impact with a modern audience. However, their roles are clear. They all show the negative qualities in the male characters, but at the same time have an effect on their lives. The play is a domestic tragedy but the effects of the domestic lives of the characters are shown in all aspects of their lives. The misunderstanding of Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca, within the play and in audiences has led to misinterpretations of their characters. To create a maximum impact with a modern audience, the female characters need to be given their own personality, and the effects they have need to be shown. Without the women going to war with their husbands, the tragedy of Othello would be a very different one.